Social Psychology Ch 5.

Question 1

Attitude:

Answer 1

Evaluation of various aspects of the social world.

Question 2

Explicit attitudes:

Answer 2

Consciously accessibly attitudes that are controllable and easy to report.

Question 3

Implicit attitudes:

Answer 3

less controllable and potentially not consciously accessible to us

Question 4

Implicit associations test:

Answer 4

Based on the fact that we may associate various social objects more or less readily with positive or negative descriptive words.

Question 5

Social learning:

Answer 5

The process through which we acquire new information forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people.

Question 6

Unconditioned stimulus:

Answer 6

A stimulus that evokes a positive or negative response without substantial learning.

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus:

Answer 7

The stimulus that comes to stand for or signal a prior unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Subliminal conditioning:

Answer 8

Classical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals threshold of conscious awareness.

Question 9

Mere Exposure:

Answer 9

By having seen before, but not necessarily remembering having done so, attitudes toward an object can be formed.

Question 10

Illusion of truth:

Answer 10

The mere repetition of information creates a sense of familiarity and more positive attitudes.

Question 11

Instrumental conditioning:

Answer 11

A basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcome, or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes, are strengthened (rewards and punishments).

Question 12

Social Networks:

Answer 12

Composed on individuals with whom we have interpersonal relationships and interact with on a regular basis.

Question 13

Social comparisons:

Answer 13

The process through which we compare ourselves to others to determine whether out view of social reality is, or is not correct.

Question 14

Reference groups:

Answer 14

Groups of people with whom we identify and whose opinions we value.

Question 15

Pluralistic ignorance:

Answer 15

When we collectively misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than us.

Question 16

Vested interest:

Answer 16

The extent to which the attitude is relevant to the concerns of the individual who holds it. This typically amounts to whether the object or issue might have important consequences for this person.

Question 17

Attitude clairity:

Answer 17

when there is no ambivalence in attitude; the person feels clear about the attitude they hold which equates to certainty = repeated expression.

Question 18

Attitude correctness:

Answer 18

Believing ones attitude is the valid or proper to hold.

Question 19

Theory of reasoned action:

Answer 19

A theory suggest that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated and a decision is then reflected in behavioral.

Question 20

Theory of planned behavior:

Answer 20

An extension of the threat of reason; suggesting that in addition to attitudes toward a given behavior and subjective norms about it, individuals also consider their ability to perform behavior.

Question 21

Implementation plan:

Answer 21

A plan for how to implement our intentions.

Question 22

Habit:

Answer 22

Repeatedly performing a specific behavior; so responses become relatively automatic whenever the situation is encountered.

Question 23

Fear appeals:

Answer 23

messages that are intended to arouse fear in the recipient.

Question 24

Systematic processing:

Answer 24

Processing information in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of the messages content and ideas.

Question 25

Central route of persuasion:

Answer 25

Attitude change resulting from systematic processing of information presented in persuasive messages.

Question 26

Heuristic Processing:

Answer 26

Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts.

Question 27

Peripheral route to persuasion:

Answer 27

Attitude change that occurs in response to peripheral persuasion cues, which often based on information concerning the expertise or status of would persuaders.

Question 28

ELM:

Answer 28

Elaboration -likelihood model

Question 29

Reactance:

Answer 29

Negative reactions to threats to ones personal freedom , reactance often increase resistance to persuasion and can even produce negative attitude change or opposite to what is intended.

Question 30

Forewarning:

Answer 30

Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target of an attempt of persuasion; forewarning often increases resistance to persuasion.

Question 31

Selective avoidance:

Answer 31

a tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes. Such avoidance’s increase resistance to persuasion.

Question 32

Selective exposure:

Answer 32

ignore information that contradicts our attitudes, while actively attending to information that is consistent with them .

Question 33

Self regulation:

Answer 33

Limited capacity to engage our will power and control our own thinking and emotions.

Question 34

Cognitive dissonance:

Answer 34

An internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistently between two or more attitude and behavior.

Question 35

less-leads-to-more-effect:

Answer 35

less reasons or rewards for an action often leads to greater attitude change.

Question 36

Self Affirmation:

Answer 36

refers to the tendency to respond to a threat to ones self-concept by affirming ones competence in another area.

Question 37

Hypocrisy:

Answer 37

Publicly advocating some attitudes or behavior and then acting in a way that is inconsistent with these attitudes. (moral standards that dont match ones behavior).

Question 38

Tightness vs looseness:

Answer 38

Cultures differ dramatically in the extent to which people are expected to act in ways that are consistent with prevailing social norms.