Social Reformers and their contributions Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Kulinism- what is it?
A
It is a practise of polygamy in Bengal where even old men took very young girls as wives
2
Q
Caste system was a system of ————–, —————- ordained on the basis of ————–
A
segregation
hierarchically
ritual status
3
Q
Elements that gave reform movements an ideological unity were
A
rationalism
religious universalism
humanism
4
Q
Brahmo Samaj was set up by
A
Raja Rammohan Roy
5
Q
Brahmo Samaj rejected ————– of Vedas
A
infallibility
6
Q
Aligarh Movement started by
The Aligarh Movement emerged as a ____________
trend among the Muslim intelligentsia based in ______________________, Aligarh.
It aimed at spreading?
The ideology of the followers of the movement was based on a _________________ and they sought to ________________________________.
A
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
liberal, modern
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College
Aims
(i) modern education among Indian Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam
(ii) social reforms among Muslims relating to purdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women’s
education, slavery, divorce, etc.
liberal interpretation of the Quran
harmonise Islam with modern liberal culture
7
Q
Syed Ahmed Khan went to the extent of emphasising that religious tenets were not ———-
college started by him
Magazine he started?
A
immutable
Mohammedan Anglo oriental college (Aligarh Muslim University)
Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq (Improvement of Manners
and Morals)
8
Q
Who considered different religions as national
embodiments of universal theism
A
Raja Rammohan Roy
9
Q
Indian (National) Social Conference was founded by
Association with INC?
inaugural meetings and further meetings
Conference supported what?
It launched the well-known “Pledge Movement” to ————————–
A
M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao
Indian National Congress’s social reform cell
inaugural meeting was held in Madras in December 1887 and further meetings were held at the same location every year
intercaste marriages while condemning kulinism and polygamy
encourage people to take an oath to oppose child marriage.
10
Q
Bombay Presidency Association
A
KT Telang, Pherozshah Mehta and Badruddin Tyabji
11
Q
Who established India’s first university for women in 1916
A
D K Karve, aka Maharishi Karve
Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women’s University
12
Q
What are the contributions of D K Karve?
- He was secretary of?
A
women empowerment and education (India’s first university for women)
supported widow remarriage
against caste system
- Widow Remarriage Association
13
Q
Who were instrumental in abolishing sati?
A
RRR and Gov-Gen William Bentick
Regulation of 1829 (Regulation XVII, A.D. 1829 of the Bengal Code)
14
Q
Who played instrumental role in Passing of Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856?
A
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta
15
Q
Widow Remarriage Association founded by
A
Vishnu Shastri Pandit
16
Q
who started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati in 1852
what was it for?
A
Karsandas Mulji
advocate widow remarriage
17
Q
Veerasalingam Pantulu advocated
A
for widow remarriage
18
Q
Native Marriage Act (or Civil Marriage Act), 1872 prohibited
A
child marriage, but not applicable to Hindus, Muslims, and other recognised faiths
19
Q
Who played a crucial role in passage of Age of Consent Act?
What was age of consent now?
Which famous case was responsible for passage of the Act?
A
B.M. Malabari and Ramabai Ranade formed the Rukmabai defence committee
forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 12
case of Rukhmabai
20
Q
Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 popularly known as
What did the act do?
A
Sarda Act, after Harbilas Sarda was an Indian academic and judge, who became Member of the Central Legislative Assembly from Ajmer-Merwara. He was a follower of Dayanand Saraswati and a member of the Arya Samaj.
pushed up the marriage age to 18 and 14 for boys
and girls, respectively
21
Q
In 1819, Christian Missionaries set up
A
Calcutta Female Juvenile Society
22
Q
one of the founders of the School Society
and Native School of Bombay (Elphinstone educational institution)
Founder of English Marathi School in Girgaum
A
Jagannath Shankarsheth ‘Nana’
23
Q
first Indian president of the Students’ Literary and Scientific Society
A
Bhau Daji Lad (Ram Krishna Lad)
24
Q
Who opened the first school for girls at Bhidewada,
Pune in 1848
A
Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule
25
first female school teacher of modern India
Savitribai Phule
26
Initiative to educate Parsi girls
Alexandra Society of Parsis, 1863
27
Health facilities began to be provided to women with the opening of -------------------- in the 1880s
Dufferin hospitals
28
In 1910, ----------------- convened the first meeting of the Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Allahabad, Considered as the first major Indian women’s organisation set up by a woman
Sarla Devi Chaudhurani
29
------------------ founded the Ladies Social Conference
(Bharat Mahila Parishad), under the parent organisation ---------------------, in 1904 in Bombay.
Ramabai Ranade
National Social Conference
30
the first woman graduate of Bombay University was a ----------- woman, ----------(name), in 1887.
Parsi
Cornelia Sorabji
31
---------------------- founded the Arya Mahila Samaj pleaded for ------------------------------------------------- and it resulted in medical education for women which started in ---------------------- college. Later,
------------ established a branch of Arya Mahila Samaj in Bombay
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati
improvement in the educational syllabus of Indian women before the English Education Commission
Lady Dufferin College
Ramabai Ranade
32
In 1925, the ---------------------------, a
national branch of the International Council of Women, was formed.
------------- played a vital role in its formation and advancement.
Other women who held important positions on the executive committee of the council included
National Council of Women in India
Mehribai Tata
Cornelia Sarabji, India’s first lady barrister
Tarabai Premchand, wife of a wealthy banker
Shaffi Tyabji, a member of one of Mumbai’s leading Muslim families
Maharani Sucharu Devi, daughter of Keshab Chandra Sen.
33
The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), founded
by ---------------- in 1927, was perhaps the first women’s organisation with an ---------------- approach.
Its first conference was held at ------------------, Pune.
Important founding members included?
AIWC worked towards various ----------------- reforms
Margaret Cousins
egalitarian
Ferguson College
Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad
Rani Sahiba of Sangli
Sarojini Naidu
Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya
Lady Dorab Tata.
legislative
34
All India Harijan Sangh, founded in 1932 by?
Gandhiji
35
_____________________ is considered a pioneer of the Dalit movement.
He was deeply influenced by ____________ and subscribed to the idea of the __________________, and said that the untouchable people of India
were the indigenous inhabitants
Who founded Anarya Dosh-Parihar Mandali (Society for the Removal of Evils Among the Non-Aryan)
first Dalit to launch a newspaper, the -------------------, in 1888
In 1889, he followed with a pamphlet, ________________, which spoke against the position of untouchables in society.
He has been called “the first ___________ from the Dalit community
He also wrote ________________ published in
1894.
He contributed to Marathi language journals such as ____________ and ________________ to arouse awareness and inspire the depressed classes
Gopal baba Walangkar
Jyotiba Phule, Aryan invasion theory
Vital Vidhvasak (Destroyer of Brahmanical
or Ceremonial Pollution)
Vital Viduvansan (Annihilation of Ceremonial Pollution)
intellectual rebel
Hindu Dharma Darpan
Sudharak and Deenbandhu
36
A pioneer in the Dalit uplift movement, who opened his press which published journals, such as ______________ aimed at awakening the Dalits
He established the ______________ school at Nagpur.
He was one of the secretaries of the __________ in 1920.
Bansod was influenced by the _________ and the work of the ____________________and the __________________.
Kisan Faguji Bansod
Nirashrit Hind Nagarik, Vital Vidhvansak, and Majur Patrika
Chokhamela girls’ school
All India Depressed Classes Conference
Bhakti cult, Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj
37
1.Who started Mooknayak?
2. Who started Bahushkrit Hitakarani Sabha and wat was its motto?
3. Other newspaper started to defend the rights of the depressed classes
4. organized which federation?
5. led the -------------------- in March 1927 to challenge the regressive customs of the caste Hindus.
Ambedkar
1. It's a fortnightly newspaper
2. Bahushkrit Hitakarani Sabha: started in 1924 with the motto of “educate, agitate and organise”
3. Bahishkrit Bharat
4. All India Scheduled Castes Federation in 1942
5. Mahad Satyagraha
38
During the 1920s in South India, the non-brahmins
organised the Self-Respect Movement led by -----------------
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
39
-------------- in Kerala led a lifelong struggle
against upper-caste domination.
He coined the slogan “one religion, one caste, one God for mankind”, which his disciple ------------------------- changed into “no religion, no caste, no
God for mankind”.
Sri Narayana Guru
Sahadaran Ayyapan
40
Raja Rammohan Roy (1772–1833) is often called the father of ---------------------- and the -----------------
Rammohan Roy believed in the --------------
approach and principles of --------------- and ------------
He wrote --------------- (1809) and translated into Bengali the ------------- and the _________________to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts
support monotheism.
Indian Renaissance
maker of Modern India
modern scientific approach
human dignity and social equality
Gift to Monotheists
Vedas and 5 Upanishads
41
In 1814, RRR set up the --------------- in Calcutta to propagate the monotheistic ideals of the Vedanta and to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities,
meaningless rituals, and other social ills.
In his ________________(1820), he tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament, which he praised, from its miracle stories.
Raja Rammohan Roy founded the ___________ in
August 1828
Through the Sabha he wanted to _____________his ideas and mission.
The Samaj was committed to “the worship and adoration of the Eternal, Unsearchable, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe”.
What forms of worship was practised? What was rejected?
The long-term agenda of the Samaj was _________________, based on the twin pillars of ___________ and ________________.
Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends)
Precepts of Jesus
Brahmo Sabha/Brahmo Samaj
institutionalise
Prayers, meditation, and readings of the Upanishads
idolatry and meaningless rituals
to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism
reason and the Vedas and Upanishads
42
Organization set up (1830) to counter Brahmo Samaj propaganda?
What were the features of Brahmo Samaj?
Dharma Sabha set up by Raja Radhakant Deb
An orthodox society, it stood for the preservation of the status quo in socio-religious matters, opposing even the abolition of sati.
However, it favoured the promotion of Western education, even for girls.
● denounced polytheism and idol worship
● discarded faith in divine avataras
● human reason and conscience over scripture
● no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul and left it to individual
Brahmos to believe either way.
● It criticised the caste system
43
Who helped David Hare’s efforts to found the _____________ College in 1817?
_______________ taught mechanics and Voltaire’s
philosophy.
In 1825, he established a ________________ where
courses in both Indian learning and Western social and physical sciences were offered
RRR and Hindu college
Roy’s English school
Vedanta college
44
____________________ (1817–1905), gave a new life to
Brahmo Samaj and a definite form and shape to the ______________ movement, when he joined the Samaj in 1842.
He headed the ________________Sabha (founded in 1839) which was devoted to the systematic study of India’s past with a rational outlook and to the propagation of Rammohan’s ideas.
Sabha's journal in Bengali?
He worked on two fronts:
Maharishi Debendranath Tagore
theist movement
Tattvabodhini Sabha
Tattvabodhini Patrika
1. within Hinduism, the Brahmo Samaj was a reformist movement
2. outside, it resolutely opposed the Christian missionaries for their criticism of Hinduism and their attempts at conversion.
45
Brahmo Samaj split into
Brahmo Samaj of India, 1866: Keshab Chandra Sen and his followers
Adi Brahmo Samaj: Debendranath Tagore
46
In 1878, new Brahmo Samaj formed was called? started by?
In Punjab, the ___________________ Trust sought to implant Brahmo ideas by the opening of ______________ at Lahore in 1910.
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
Ananda Mohan Bose, Sib Chandra Deb, and Umeshchandra Dutta
Dayal Singh Trust
Dayal Singh College
47
Socrates of South Asia
Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Naicker
48
In 1867, ______________________ helped ____________
found the Prarthana Samaj in ___________.
precursor of the Prarthana Samaj was the _________________, something like a secret
society to spread liberal ideas and encourage the breakdown of caste and communal barriers.
Important leaders associated with Prarthana Samaj: Mahadeo Govind Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar and N.G. Chandavarkar
The emphasis was on ____________, but on the whole, the samaj was more concerned with ___________ than with religion.
The Prarthana Sabha was very attached to the _____________ of Maharashtra.
What was included in the 4 point social agenda of Prarthana Sabha
Who founded the Widow Remarriage movement and Widows’ Home Association?
Keshab Chandra Sen, Atmaram Pandurang
Bombay
Paramahansa Sabha
monotheism
social reforms
bhakti cult
(i) disapproval of caste system
(ii) women’s education
(iii) widow remarriage
(iv) raising the age of marriage for both males and females.
D k Karve, Ranade
49
Young Bengal Movement
first nationalist poet of modern India
Henry Vivian Derozio, taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831
50
In 1850, _________________became the principal of Sanskrit College, calcutta
He was secretary of ________________
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Bethune school
51
_________________ was a pioneer of social reform through journalism in Bombay; he attacked brahminical orthodoxy and tried to reform popular Hinduism.
Who is the Father of Marathi journalism?
His 2 important newspaper and what was published in them?
Library and Society founded were?
He was the first professor of ____________ at the ____________ College, besides being a director of the Colaba Observatory.
Balshastri Jambhekar
Darpan, 1832
- to awaken the people to awareness of social reforms, such as widow remarriage, and to instil in the masses a scientific approach to life.
Digdrashan, 1840
- published articles on scientific subjects as well as history
Bombay Native General Library
Native Improvement Society of which an
offshoot was the Students Literary and Scientific Library
Hindi, Elphinstone
52
Founded in 1849 in Maharashtra, began as a secret society that worked to reform Hindu religion and society in general. Which org is it? Founders?
The ideology of the society was closely linked to that of the _________________.
What did they believe in and work toward?
Paramahansa Mandali—Dadoba Pandurang, Mehtaji Durgaram and others
Manav Dharma Sabha
- belief in one God
- real religion is based on love and moral conduct.
- Freedom of thought and rationality were encouraged
- broke caste rules, such as eating food cooked by lower caste
- advocated widow remarriage and women's education
53
Who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873?
What were the main aims of the movement?
His famous works
He used the symbol of _________ as opposed to the brahmins’ symbol of ______________.
he was against ______________ Hinduism.
He was given the title of _________ in 1888
by another Maharashtrian social reformer, ____________.
Jyotirao or Jyotiba Phule
(i) social service, and
(ii) spread of education among women and lower caste people.
Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri
Rajah Bali, Rama
Sanskritic Hinduism
Mahatma, Vithalrao Krishnaji
Vandekar
54
Educational trusts established by Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule
She started the _____________________ to raise awareness about women’s rights.
With her husband, she set up a home called__________________ in 1863, where unwed mothers and widows who became pregnant
under unfortunate circumstances could have safe deliveries instead of resorting to killing the infants or themselves.
Native Female School, Pune
Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars,
Mangs, and others.
Mahila Seva Mandal
Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (home to prevent infanticide)
55
He was in favour of a united front from the depressed classes and the caste Hindus as he feared the British rulers would otherwise exploit the divisions in Indian society for their own advantage.
He joined the ________________and worked towards the removal of untouchability in India.
He established a ___________ for the children of untouchables in Pune in 1905.
He established the ___________ in Bombay in 1906.
He took part in the _________________ and
was imprisoned in the Yerawda Central Jail.
He was the author of _____________________
Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Prarthana Samaj
night school
Depressed Classes Mission
Civil Disobedience Movement
Bharatiya Asprushyatecha Prashna.
56
________________ was a social reformer and
rationalist from Maharashtra.
He said, “If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion.”
He wrote for a weekly __________ under
the pen name of _______________ on social reform issues.
He started a weekly,___________, and also played a leading role in founding the periodicals, _____________, _____________, and ________________.
Gopalhari Deshmukh
Prabhakar, Lokahitawadi
Hitechhu
Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, and Lokahitawadi
57
____________________________ was an educationist and social reformer from Maharashtra.
A strong advocate of the power of human reason, he criticised the blind dependence on tradition and false glorification of the past.
He was a co-founder of the _______________, the ___________________ and ____________________.
He was a principal of ___________________.
He was also the first editor of _______________, the journal started by Lokmanya Tilak.
Later, he started his own periodical, ____________, which spoke against untouchability and the caste system
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
New English School, the Deccan Education Society and Fergusson College.
Fergusson College.
Kesari
Sudharak
58
______________, a liberal leader of the INC, founded the ______________________in 1905 with the help of ________________.
What were the aims of the society?
In 1911, the ______________ began to be published to project the views of the society.
The society chose to remain aloof from political activities and organisations like INC
After his death (1915), ______________ took
over as president.
The society still continues to function and works in the field of education, providing ashram type of schools for tribal girls and balwadis at many places
Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866–1915)
Servants of India Society
M.G. Ranade.
Aim:
- to train national missionaries for the service of India
- to promote, by all constitutional means, the true
interests of the Indian people
- to prepare a cadre of selfless workers who were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit.
Hitavada
After Gokhale’s death, Srinivasa Shastri took over
59
A follower of Gokhale, ___________ founded the
___________________ in Bombay with an aim to secure for the masses better and reasonable conditions of life and work.
He also founded the ___________________.
Narayan Malhar Joshi (N.M. Joshi)
Social Service League
All India Trade Union Congress (1920).
60
_____________ was a poor priest at the Kali temple in Dakshineshwar, on the outskirts of Calcutta, known in childhood as __________________
Two objectives of the Ramakrishna movement
were?
He himself laid the foundations of the _________ with his young monastic disciples as a nucleus to fulfil the first objective.
The second objective was taken up by
_____________ after his death and founded the _______________________ in 1897.
The headquarters of the
_______________ and ____________ are at _____________ near Calcutta.
The two are twin organisations, though legally and financially separate
He said : “Service of man is the service of God.”
He was married to ____________, later known as ___________.
She was considered as the embodiment of the Divine Mother.
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836– 86)
Gadadhar Chattopadhyay
Two objectives of the Ramakrishna movement
were
(i) to bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renunciation and practical spirituality, from among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to spread the universal message of Vedanta as illustrated in the life of
Ramakrishna
(ii) in conjunction with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable works, looking upon all men, women and children, irrespective of caste, creed, or colour, as veritable manifestations of the Divine.
Ramakrishna Math
Swami Vivekananda
Ramakrishna Mission in 1897
The HQ of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission are at Belur near Calcutta.
Saradmani Mukherjee, later known as Sarada Devi.
61
__________________________ who later came to be
known as ______________________, spread Ramakrishna’s message and tried to reconcile it to the needs of contemporary Indian
society.
He emerged as the preacher of ___________________.
He subscribed to the ________________, which he considered a fully rational system with a superior
approach.
His mission was to bridge the gulf between
______________ and _______________, and between
spirituality and day-to-day life.
He pointed out that the masses needed two kinds of knowledge----?
At the ___________________________ in
1893, he made a great impression on people
by his learned interpretations.
The keynote of his opening
address was the need for a healthy balance between ____________________________
Vivekananda was a great humanist and used the Ramakrishna Mission for _________ and ______________.
Vivekananda advocated the doctrine of _________________
Narendranath Datta (1862–1902)
Swami Vivekananda
neo-Hinduism
Vedanta
paramartha (service) and vyavahara (behaviour),
2 kinds of knowledge
1. secular knowledge about how to work for their economic uplift
2. spiritual knowledge to have faith in themselves and strengthen their moral sense.
Parliament of Religions held at Chicago
between spiritualism and materialism. Envisaging a new culture for the whole world, he called for a blend of the materialism of the West and the spiritualism of the East into a new harmony to
produce happiness for mankind.
humanitarian relief and social work
doctrine of service
62
The _____________Movement, revivalist in form though not in content, was the result of a reaction to Western influences.
Founded by?
1st Samaj unit was set up in and HQ established at
Arya Samaj Movement
Dayananda Saraswati or Mulshankar (1824–83)
Bombay in 1875
HQ: Lahore
63
Dayananda’s views were published in his famous work _____________
What was his Vision of India?
He took inspiration from the _____ and considered them to be _____________, the __________ and the true original seed of Hinduism.
He gave the slogan _________________.
Dayananda had received education on Vedanta from a blind teacher named ___________ in Mathura.
He stressed the significance of ______________ and
said that every person has the right of ___________________
Dayananda strongly criticised the ______________ as the running theme of all physical existence and the aim of human life as a struggle to _____________ through escape from this evil world to seek union with God.
Thus, he attacked the prevalent popular belief that every individual contributed and got back from the society according the principles of ____________.
Dayananda believed in the theory of ____________.
Dayananda subscribed to the Vedic notion of
_________ system in which a person was identified into 4 groups not by _____________ but according to the _____________.
Satyarth Prakash (The True Exposition)
His vision of India included a classless and casteless society
a united India (religiously, socially, and nationally),
an India free from foreign rule, with Aryan religion being the common religion of all.
Vedas
‘India’s Rock of Ages’
infallible
slogan “Back to the Vedas”
Dayananda’s slogan of ‘Back to the Vedas’ was a call
for a revival of Vedic learning and Vedic purity of religion and not a revival of Vedic times.
Swami Virajananda
significance of individual interpretation of the scriptures
right of access to God
the escapist Hindu belief in maya (illusion)
to attain moksha (salvation)
Instead, he advocated that God, soul, and matter (prakriti) were distinct and eternal entities and
every individual had to work out his own salvation in the light of the eternal principles governing human conduct.
principles of niyati (destiny).
theory of karma and reincarnation
But he also said the good deeds should be primarily for the good of others and not for self.
chaturvarna system in which a person was identified as a brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, or shudra not by birth but according to the occupation and merit of the person.
64
Which association is Shuddhi movement associated with?
Arya Samaj
the Samaj started the shuddhi (purification) movement to reconvert to the Hindu fold the converts to Christianity and Islam.
Resulted in communalisation
The shuddhi movement also attempted to uplift those regarded as untouchables and outside the caste system of Hindus into pure caste Hindus.
65
Education institutions set up by Arya Samaj
Two groups that emerged in Arya Samaj and what did they advocate?
_______________ opened the Gurukul in 1900 at Gujaranwala (in West Punjab, now in Pakistan).
In 1902, the Gurukul was moved to ___________, near Haridwar, hence the name, __________.
Gurukul founded the _____________
at Jalandhar in 1896 and sponsored __________
The Dayananda Anglo-Vedic (D.A.V.) College was established in 1886 at Lahore.
College Party(some sources say ‘Culture’ Party)
Leaders: Lala Hansraj, Lala Lal Chand and Lala Lajpat Rai
Mahatma (later Gurukul) Party
Leaders: Guru Datta Vidyarthi and Lala Munshi Ram (who later came to be known as Swami
Shraddhanand).
Issues of contention
1. Over cuuriculum of DAV college
College Party favoured the government curriculum and English education to meet economic and professional needs
Mahatma Party was interested in introducing the study of Sanskrit and Vedic philosophy in the tradition of ancient gurukuls.
2. Issue of vegetarianism
College Party had nothing against non-vegetarianism, claiming that diet was a personal choice
Mahatma Party favoured vegetarianism
Resulted in a split, 1893
The College Party retained control over the D.A.V.
School and College
while the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, Punjab, and a majority of the local Arya Samaj branches were taken over by the Mahatma Party.
Swami Shraddhanand
Kangri, Gurukul Kangri
The gurukul aimed at providing an indigenous alternative to Lord Macaulay’s education policy by offering education in the areas of vedic literature, Indian philosophy, Indian culture as well as modern sciences and research.
Kanya Mahavidyalaya
education for widows
66
10 guiding principles of Arya Samaj
The ten guiding principles of the Arya Samaj are—
(i) God is the primary source of all true knowledge; (ii) God alone is worthy of worship
(iii) the Vedas are the books of true knowledge
(iv) an Arya should always be ready to accept truth and abandon untruth
(v) dharma should be the guiding principle of all actions
(vi) the principal aim of the Samaj is to promote world’s well-being in the material, spiritual
and social sense
(vii) everybody should be treated with love and justice
(viii) ignorance is to be dispelled and knowledge
increased
(ix) one’s own progress should depend on uplift
of all others
(x) social well-being of mankind is to be placed
above an individual’s well-being.
67
Seva Sadan (1908) was founded by
Behramji M. Malabari and his friend Diwan
Dayaram Gidumal
68
Malabari spoke vigorously against ________________ and for ______________ among Hindus.
His efforts led to ________________________ Act being passed
Behramji Malabari acquired and edited the ____________________
child marriage, widow remarriage
Age of Consent Act
Indian Spectator
69
Dev Samaj was founded in 1887 at _____________by _______________, a former ______________ follower
Dev Sadan is a __________ and ____________ society
The society emphasised on-?
Its teachings were compiled in a book, ___________________
Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri
Brahmo follower
religious and social reform society
The society emphasised on
eternity of the soul
supremacy of the guru
need for good action
Deva Shastra
70
Organization formed as a culmination of other organization to defend orthodox Hinduism?
HQ:?
It stood against the teachings of ______________
Other organisations created to defend orthodox Hinduism were the_______________________(1895), the ___________________in South India, and _______________ in Bengal.
__________________________was a prominent figure in this movement
Bharat Dharma Mahamandala (1902)
An all-India organisation of the orthodox educated Hindus, it stood for a defence of orthodox Hinduism.
HQ: Varanasi
Arya Samajists, Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission.
Sanatana Dharma Sabha (1895) the Dharma Maha Parishad in South India, and Dharma Mahamandali in Bengal.
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya
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Who started the Radhaswami movement?
The prominent beliefs of Radhaswami?
Tulsi Ram, a banker from Agra, also known as Shiv Dayal Saheb, founded this movement in 1861.
They believe in one supreme being, supremacy of the guru, a company of pious people (satsang), and a simple social life.
no renunciation of wordly life
they considers as necessary duties, works of faith and charity, service and prayer.
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What was SNDP movement?
Narayana Guru, himself from the Ezhava caste, took a stone from the __________________ river and installed it as a Sivalinga at ___________________on Sivaratri in 1888.
SNDP movement is also known as?
Famous poet disciple of Sri Narayan Guru
The SNDP Yogam took up several issues for the
Ezhavas, such as
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement was a regional movement started by Sree Narayan Guru among the Ezhavas of Kerala
against caste based conflict
Neyyar river
Aruvippuram
Aruvippuram movement
Kumaran Asan
The SNDP Yogam took up several issues for the
Ezhavas, such as:
(i) right of admission to public schools;
(ii) recruitment to government services;
(iii) access to roads and entry to temples
(iv) political representation.
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The _______________ in Mysore launched an anti-brahmin movement in 1905.
Vokkaliga Sangha
Mysore
anti-brahmin movement
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Justice Movement
Where?
Started by?
aim?
In 1917, _______________ was formed which demanded separate representation for the lower castes in the legislature.
Madras Presidency
C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair, and P. Tyagaraja
to secure jobs and representation for the non-brahmins in the legislature.
Madras Presidency Association
separate representation for the lower castes in the
legislature.
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Self-Respect Movement
started by?
The movement aimed at nothing short of a _______________________ and
___________________ which was felt as a prime instrument of ___________________
Newspaper?
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in the mid-1920s.
rejection of the brahminical religion and culture instrument of exploitation of the lower castes.
He sought to undermine the position of brahmin priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests.
[Similar to what was done by Jyotiba Phule]
Kudi Arasu
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Leaders of Temple entry movment
Editor of Deshabimani?
Imp Satyagraha associated with temple entry
Temple entry movment gained movement again when?
Imp leaders
When were Temple opened for all Hindus in Travancore and Madras
Significant work already done by Sree Narayana Guru and N. Kumaran Asan. T.K. Madhavan, a prominent social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani,
Vaikom Satyagraha led by K P Kesava
The satyagraha was reinforced by jathas from Punjab and Madurai.
Gandhi toured Kerala in support of the movement
When Civil Disobedience Movement was called off in 1931
Inspired by K. Kelappan, poet Subramaniyam Tirumambu (the ‘singing sword of Kerala’) led a group of 16 volunteers to Guruvayur.
Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan were among the satyagrahis.
Finally, on November 12, 1936, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a
proclamation throwing open all government-controlled temples to all Hindus.
A similar step was taken by the C. Rajagopalachari administration in Madras in 1938.
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Wahabi/Walliullah Movement
The teachings of ____________________ and the preachings of ______________________ inspired this essentially ___________________response to Western influences and the degeneration which had set in among Indian Muslims and called for a _________________________________of Islam.
2 fold ideals of the movement
The teachings of _____________ were further popularised by ____________________ and ___________________ who also gave them a political perspective.
India was considered to be ________________________,
and it needed to be converted to ___________________.
Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Shah Walliullah (1702–63)
revivalist response
called for a return to the true spirit of Islam.
He was the first Indian Muslim leader of the 18th century to organise Muslims around the two-fold ideals of this movement
(i) desirability of harmony among the four schools of Muslim jurisprudence which had divided the Indian Muslims (he sought to integrate the best
elements of the four schools)
(ii) recognition of the role of individual conscience in religion where conflicting interpretations were derived from the Quran and the Hadis.
teachings of Walliullah
Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmad Barelvi
Syed Ahmad called for a return to the pure Islam and the kind of society that had existed in the Arabia of the Prophet’s time.
dar-ul-Harb (land of the kafirs), and dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam).
Initially, the movement was directed at the Sikhs in Punjab, but after the British annexation of Punjab (1849), the movement was directed against the British.
During the 1857 Revolt, the Wahabi’s played an important role in spreading anti-British feelings.
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Titu Mir’s Movement
led by?
follower of?
Titu Mir adopted ______________ and advocated the ________________.
Syed Mir Nisar Ali, popularly known as Titu Mir
disciple of Syed Ahmad Barelvi (of Rae Bareilly), an adherent follower of the Wahabi movement.
Titu Mir adopted Wahabism and advocated the Sharia.
He organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal against the landlords, who were mosly Hindu, and the British indigo planters.
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Faraizi movement
founded by?
main leader?
Aim?
aka Fara’idi Movement
- emphasis on the Islamic pillars of faith
- founded: Haji Shariatullah in 1819.
Under the leadership of Haji’s son, Dudu Mian, the movement became revolutionary from 1840 onwards.
Its scene of action was East Bengal
Aim: eradication of social innovations or un-Islamic practices current among the Muslims of the region and draw their attention to their duties as Muslims.
The Fara’idis organised a paramilitary force armed with clubs to fight the zamindars who were mostly Hindu, though there were some Muslim landlords too, besides the indigo planters.
Dudu Mian asked his followers not to pay rent.
The organisation even established its own law courts.
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Ahmadiyya Movement
founded by
based on _______________principles
The movement spread ______________
among the Indian Muslims.
The Ahmadiyya
- sect of Islam
- originated from India
- only Islamic sect to believe that the Messiah had come in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to end religious wars and bloodshed and to reinstate morality, peace, and justice.
founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889.
based on liberal principles
It described itself as the standard-bearer of Mohammedan Renaissance, and based itself, like the Brahmo Samaj, on the principles of universal
religion of all humanity, opposing jihad (sacred war against non-Muslims).
Western liberal education
The Ahmadiyya community is the
They believed in separating the mosque from the State as well as in human rights and tolerance.
suffered from mysticism.
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The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)
organized by?
twin objectives?
The Deoband Movement was begun at the ___________ Deoband, in Saharanpur district (United Provinces) in 1866 by _________________ and _______________ to train
religious leaders for the Muslim community.
Opposed to?
________________, the new Deoband leader, gave a political and intellectual content to the religious ideas of the school.
He worked out a synthesis of Islamic principles and
nationalist aspirations.
The _________________ gave a concrete shape to Hasan’s ideas of protection of the religious and political rights of the Muslims in the overall context of Indian unity and national objectives.
____________, a supporter of the Deoband school, favoured the inclusion of English language and European sciences in the system of education.
He founded the _____________ and _____________ in Lucknow in 1894–96.
He believed in the idealism of the Congress and cooperation between the Muslims and the Hindus of India to create a state in which both could live amicably
The Deoband Movement was organised by the orthodox section among the Muslim ulema as a revivalist movement.
objectives:
propagating pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims
keeping alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign rulers.
aimed at moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.
Darul Uloom (or Islamic academic centre), Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
On the political front, the Deoband school welcomed the formation of the Indian National Congress
Opposed Syed Ahmed Khan’s organisations, the United Patriotic Association and the Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental Association.
Mahmud-ul-Hasan
Jamiat-ul-Ulema
Shibli Numani
Nadwatal Ulama and Darul Uloom
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Imp org of Parsi reform movement
Aim of the org
Leaders?
imp newspaper
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform
Association) was founded in 1851 by a group of English-educated Parsis
Aim
for the “regeneration of the social conditions of the Parsis
restoration of the Zoroastrian religion to its pristine purity”.
Parsi religious rituals and practices were reformed and the Parsi creed redefined.
In the social sphere, attempts were made to uplift the status of Parsi women through removal of the purdah system, raising the age of marriage and education.
Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama, and S.S. Bengalee
newspaper: Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller).
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2 imp Sikh Reform Movements
Singh Sabha Movement
Akali Movement
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Sikh reform movements
The ___________________ was founded at Amritsar
in 1873
2 fold objective? how did they go about meeting the objectives
The _____________ was an offshoot of the above mentioned Movement.
Aim?
The government tried its repressive policies against the __________launched by the Akalis in 1921, but had to bow before popular demands; it passed the ____________ which gave the control of
gurudwaras to the _________as the apex body.
The Akali Movement was a _________movement but not a _________ one. The Akali leaders played a notable role in the national liberation struggle though some dissenting voices were heard occasionally.
Singh Sabha Movement
two-fold objective
(i) to make available modern western education to the Sikhs
(ii) to counter the proselytising activities of Christian missionaries as well as the Brahmo Samajists, Arya Samajists, and Muslim maulvis.
1. a network of Khalsa schools was established by the Sabha throughout Punjab.
2. everything that went against the Gurus’ teachings was rejected, and rites and customs considered to be consistent with Sikh doctrine were sought to be established.
Akali Movement (also known as Gurudwara
Reform Movement)
Aim
It aimed at liberating the Sikh gurudwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants (the post having become hereditary). These mahants were a loyalist and reactionary lot, enjoying government patronage.
non-violent non-cooperation satyagraha
Sikh Gurudwaras Act in 1922 (amended in 1925)
Sikh masses to be administered through Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC)
regional movement but not a communal one.
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______________ and ____________ along with a group of westerners, who were inspired by Indian thought and culture, founded the Theosophical Society in _____________ in 1875.
In 1882, they shifted their HQ to _______
The Theosophical Movement came to be allied
with the ____________.
In India, the movement became somewhat popular with ___________________ after the death of Olcott in 1907.
Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831–91) and Colonel M.S. Olcott
New York City, United States
Adyar
The society believed that a special relationship could be established between a person’s soul and
God by contemplation, prayer, revelation, etc.
It accepted the Hindu beliefs in reincarnation and karma, and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads and samkhya, yoga, and Vedanta schools of thought.
It aimed to work for universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or colour.
The society also sought to investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man.
The Theosophical Movement came to be allied
with the Hindu renaissance. (At one time it allied with the Arya Samaj too.)
It opposed child marriage and advocated the abolition of caste discrimination, uplift of and improvement in the condition of widows.
the election of Annie Besant (1847–1933) as its president
The Theosophical Society more helpful for educated Hindus than an average Indian
Hence, impact was limited to small segment of the westernised class
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Annie Besant had come to India in _______.
She laid the foundation of the ______________in 1898 where both Hindu religion and Western scientific subjects were taught.
The college became the nucleus for the formation of _________ in 1916.
1893
Central Hindu College in Benaras
Benaras Hindu University
Annie Besant also did much for the cause of the
education of women.
