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Anthro > Socialization and the Life Course > Flashcards

Socialization and the Life Course Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Life History Theory?

A

The timing of key events have been shaped organisms by natural selection to maximize the number of surviving offspring and maximize fitness

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2
Q

Give me examples of Life History Theory

A
  • The timing of different juvenile development
  • Timing of sexual maturity
  • Timing of death
  • Timing of senescence
  • Number of offsprings you have and the degree of parental investment you give
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3
Q

Life History Theory - Trade offs

A
  • The idea of balancing energy outputs. Quality vs quantity of offsprings
  • Current vs future reproduction
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4
Q

Life History Theory - Energy Allocation (2)

A

1) Survival

2) Reproduction

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5
Q

Life History Theory - Energy Allocation - Survival (2)

A

1) Growth

2) Maintenance

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6
Q

Life History Theory - Energy Allocation - Reproduction (2)

A

1) Making babies

2) Caring for babies

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7
Q

Life History Model in a nutshell

A

The idea that the animal has a maximum energy output

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8
Q

Life History Model in a nutshell - An animal could either

A

1) Put more energy in reproduction

2) Put less energy in reproduction

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9
Q

Life History Theory - Fast Life History vs Slow Life History - Fast Life History

A
  • more energy into reproduction
  • Short life & breeds a lot
  • Low quality offsprings
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10
Q

Life History Theory - Fast Life History vs Slow Life History - Slow Life History

A
  • More energy into survival
  • Long life & breeds and extensive parental care
  • Modest reproduction rates
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11
Q

Life History Theory - Fast Life History vs Slow Life History

A

Survival vs Energy use for reproduction

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12
Q

What is r vs k selected?

A

K is more like humans

r is like a rodent

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13
Q

R selected

A
  • reproduce early in life
  • small body / brain
  • Large litters
  • High Mortality rates
  • Short lifes
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14
Q

K selected

A

Reproduce later in life
larger brains/ bodies
- smaller litter size
-Long lifes

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15
Q

In general primates have longer lives Exceptions:

A
  • Sterpsirrhines: relative fast life history compared to happlorhines
  • Apes very slow life history
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16
Q

Why are primates slow life history species?

A

Because of the variation in food seasons and its availability.

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17
Q

Altricial vs Precocial

A

Ability to sustain itself at the point of birth

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18
Q

Altricial?

A

1) Undeveloped at birth

2) Physically helpless

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19
Q

Precocial

A

1) Well developed at birth

2) Active or physically mobile at birth

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20
Q

What are more altricial, Strepsirhini or Haplorhini’s?

A

More - Haplorhini- more useless at birth

Less - Strepsirhini - less useless at birth

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21
Q

Birth in primates are called

A

Singletons

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22
Q

Birth in primates - Singletons - When not parked are they carried and if so why? AND Are they assited

A

Yes, and to provide learning opportunity through observation and NEVER assisted they pop that baby on their own

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23
Q

Birth in primates - Singletons - When not parked are they carried and if so why? exception to the singletons and them being assisted

A

Callitrichids

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24
Q

Why can’t humans have unassisted births?

A

Obstetrical Dilemma

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25
Q

Why can’t humans have unassisted births - Obstetrical Dilemma

A

Human have very large brain and small birth canals

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26
Q

Why can’t humans have unassisted births - Obstetrical Dilemma - Adaptatitions

A

1) Very early birth
2) Skull plate fusion
3) Flexible Perlvis
4) Assited birth

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27
Q

What is the definition of primate infancy

A

from birth to weaning

28
Q

Is the growth phase-controlled y the mother in primate infancy?

A

Yes, infants do not forage

29
Q

Why is socialization important?

A
  • Altricial state at birth = need to learn
  • Long period of dependency
  • Slow maturity
  • Heavy reliance on learning rather than relying on instinct
30
Q

WHo are the main care takers and the main socializers?

A

Mother - Maternal care
- strong bond bewteen offspring and child

-child often dies without mom

31
Q

Variability in maternal care - Parity

A

Experience of momma

32
Q

Variability in maternal care - Parity - Nulliparous

A

Never given birth

33
Q

Variability in maternal care - Parity - Primiparous

A

Given birth once

34
Q

Variability in maternal care - Parity - Multiparous

A

Having given birth more than once

35
Q

Variability in maternal care - Rank of mother

A

Macaque mothers who receive more aggressive energy spend time with the child

36
Q

Variability in maternal care - Temperament of the Mother

A

mothers upbringing

37
Q

Variability in maternal care - presence of new males

A

Can be weaned faster

38
Q

Variability in maternal care - sex of infant

A

varies

39
Q

Parking vs Carrying - Mother Parkers

A
  • Lemurs, Lorises, and Tarsiers
  • Short lactation
  • Higher quality milk
  • Postpartum mating
40
Q

Parking vs Carrying - Mother Carriers

A

Most Haplorhinis
Long lacatation
poorer milk quality
No-post partum mating

41
Q

Paternal Care - Indirect vs Direct - Indirect

A

Tolerance, detection and defence against predators, resource defence for the group

42
Q

Paternal Care - Indirect vs Direct - direct

A

Favourable when favourable when infant require a lot of care

- Male care can be attributed to monogamy and certainty of the males child to be his

43
Q

Types of male & Infant interactions - Continium -

A

1) Intense care taking
2) Affiliation
3) Occasional affliation
4) Tolerance
5) USe and abuse

44
Q

Why do males care for infants? (2)

A

1) Sexual Selection

2) Kin selection

45
Q

Why do males care for infants? - Sexual Selection (2)

A

1) If parental certainty is assured - high paternity may occur
2) Female choice - choose good baby daddys

46
Q

Why do males care for infants? - KIn Selection

A
  • Helping siblings or maternal kins

- if paternity is likely - mate then care

47
Q

Alloparent

A

Any form of parental care provided by a individual towards a non descendant

48
Q

WHo mostly does alloparenting?

A

Juvenile females

49
Q

Why is alloparenting a thing? (3)

A

1) Learn to mother (individual selection)

2) Relief to mother (kin)

50
Q

Who is handles the most?

A

Infant youngest

51
Q

Who do the most handling?

A

Sub adult / Nulliparous females

52
Q

Why is aunting to death a thing (2)

A

A Non adaptive Hypothesis

An Adaptive Hypothesis

53
Q

Why is aunting to death a thing - A non-adaptive hypothesis

A

Inexperience females do not know how to take care of an infant

54
Q

Why is aunting to death a thing - An adaptive hypothesis

A

Trying to get rid of competition - resources

55
Q

Peers and Play importance

A

1) Youngs interact with other aged mates

2) First opportunity to learn who’s the most dominant and who will fight back

56
Q

Weaning

A

Switching mammals diet of milk to other food - removes independence

57
Q

Weaning Conflict evolutionary perspective

A

Cost of continued nursing to the mother, perhaps in terms of reduced to raise future offsprings, exceeding the benefits to the mother in terms of increased survival of the current infant

while lactating females cannot become pregnant as they’re not estrus and performing maternal duties

The sooner the mother can start ovulating the sooner again she can become pregnant. The child want to latch on to her as a resource this conflict

58
Q

Juvenile period is between…

A

weaning and sexual maturity

59
Q

Juvenile period issues(3)

A
  • Juveniles are too old to be treated like infants and to young to behave like adults
  • EASILY preyed upon
  • Smaller absolute food requirements but spend a lot of time = energy into forging
  • Lower feeding efficiency
  • Growth is energetically expensive
  • Higher BMR
60
Q

What are the two strategies to survive the juvenile period?

A

1) Grow quickly - Strepsirhini

2) Grow slowly - Haplorhini

61
Q

What are the two strategies to survive the juvenile period? - Grow quickly - Strepsirhini -benefit/cost

A

Benefit: Minimize time spend in vulnerable stage
Cost: Rapid growth requires A LOT of energy which means if born in a bad season you are fucked

62
Q

What are the two strategies to survive the juvenile period? - Grow slowly - Haplorhini -benefit/cost

A

Benefits: Reduce risk of dying from starvation & reduced food requirements
cost: Stuck in a kid stage - which is very vulnerable to prey! Also, have to wait longer to reproduce

63
Q

Sex is not always about reproducing?

A 
Stress relief
Affiliation
Confirmation of Social Relationships
Practice
Paternity Confusion
64
Q

Reproductive Seasonality - Nonseasonal breeders

A

Breed whenever

65
Q

Reproductive Seasonality - Seasonal breeder (3)

A

1) Certain times of year
2) Tied to food supply
3) May lower stress of raising infant

66
Q

Male vs Female lifespan

A

Females lives more

67
Q

Male vs Female lifespan - why?

A

Males live riskier lives

-Dispersal
-Higher inter-sexual competition
-

Anthro (12 decks)

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