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Anthro > Natural Selection (1) > Flashcards

Natural Selection (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What will we talk about in natural selection

A
  1. Evolution 2. Natural Selection 3. Sociobiology 4. Kin selection 5. Reciprocal Altruism 6. Mutualism
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2
Q

What is Adaptation & Evolution

A

Process of biological change over time

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3
Q

What is evolution (2)

A
  1. Change in the FREQUENCY of heritable traits in population from one generation to the next.
  2. These maybe physical or behavioural
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4
Q

Describe a micro evolution (2)

A
  1. Change in the physical or beahvioural traits of a population
  2. Short time scale & depend on circumstances
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5
Q

Describe a micro evolution - Adaptation (2)

A
  1. When the adaptation of a population to local conditions as the result of micro evolution
  2. Moth changes wing colour
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6
Q

Macro Evolution (2)

A

1) Long term changes that result in the appearance of a NEW species

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7
Q

What is the difference between Micro and Macro evolution (3)

A
  1. They are fundamentally the same,
  2. The time scale is different
  3. Extent of change
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8
Q

How do species change over time? (4)

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Geneflow
  3. Genetic Drift
  4. Natural Selection
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9
Q

What is the primary driver of species changing out of all 4 components?

A

Natural selection

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10
Q

Who proposed natural selection

A

Darwin & Wallace

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11
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection (4)

A

1) Variation
2) Inheritance
4) Overproduction
4) Differential survival and reproduction

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12
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Variation ?

A
  • Lots of variation for a given trait within a species/ population
    ex) Homosapiens: tall and small - black and white - eye colour
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13
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Inheritance ?

A

Variations passed from parent to offspring

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14
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Oveproduction ? (3) & over arching point (1)

A

1) More born > survive to adulthood
2) Limited resources ( scarcity)
3) Each gen experiences substantial mortality

4) There is competition due to the quantity that survive, to the limited resources, to the experience of death among members. This drives competition to survive

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15
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Differential survival and reproduction ?

A
  1. Only the SURVIVER for resources will survive

2. The ENVIROMENT natural selects some variations from others

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16
Q

Say you survive and your healthy - what is the next important thing to natural selection

A

Survival and REPRODUCTION is key to understanding adaptation, and evolutionary change over time

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17
Q

What is fitness?

A

Reproductive success

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18
Q

What is high vs low fitness

A

lots of kids to no kids

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19
Q

Traits that are well suited to the enviroment give individuals what (2)

A

1) Advantage in survival and fitness

2) Appear in increased frequency in future generation

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20
Q

Why is the Peppered Moths the perfect examples of natural selection and evolutionary change? 4

A

1) Evolution change: Operates on the population - no individual moth changed
2) Natural selection: individual survive and reproduce
3) No such things as an absolute best variant - depends on environment
4) Variation HAD to be there in the first place

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21
Q

Do individual evolve

A

NO progressively a pop changes

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22
Q

The inevitable differential survival and reproductive success in each parental generation AKA natural selection leads to

A

A change in the FREQUENCY of HERITABLE TRAITS in a POPUlatiON

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23
Q

What is socio biology ?

A
  • Applying evolutionary principles, in particular natural selection to BEHAVIOUR
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24
Q

What do sociobiologist do?

A

Try to understand how behaviour might be naturally selected / adaptive / evolved

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25
Q

What do sociobiologist ask?

A

Ask how behviroal variation gives individuals an advantage to survive and reproduce

26
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3)

A

1) Kin selection
2) Reciprocal Altruism
3) Parental investment

27
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3) - What is altruism?

A

Helping / selfless behaviour

28
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3) - What is altruism - Biology definition

A

1) Behaviour that potentially improves the survival & reproductive success of the recipient while potentially endangering the actor
2) Behaviour that helps the recipient and cost the actor

29
Q

Aultrism examples (2)

A

1) Predatory call

20 Backing someone up in a fight

30
Q

How can altruism co exist and be passed on if it may result in behaviour that decreases survival and reproductive success

A

It may not favour that individual BUT your KIN since it can result in an increase in the contribution to the next generation

It is possible to have some of your traits that can be represeneted in the next generation if they reproduce

31
Q

How can altruism co exist and be passed on if it may result in behaviour that decreases survival and reproductive success - PREVIOUS theory

A

Group selection - help out

32
Q

Kin Selection - Inclusive Fitness (2)

A

1) Your individual fitness

2) The fitness of your relatives

33
Q

What does evolutionary theory predict that individuals should do (3) AKA INCLUSIVE FITNESS -1

A

1) Promote their own survival
2) Promote their own fitness
3) Promote the survival and fitness of their KIN

34
Q

What is Cooperative Polyandry ? (3)

A
  1. In a group of females only one female reproduces and the others help raise offspring.
  2. Must be related
  3. Altruistic behaviour
35
Q

What is Cooperative Polyandry ? Give example

A

Callitrichidae ( tamarins)

36
Q

Between who does altruism happen the most in primates

A

their kin

37
Q

What is Hamiltons rule? aka selfish benefits

A

The cost to the donor / aultristic individuals fitness is LESS than the recipient individuals fitness x the degree of relatedness

38
Q

What is Hamiltons rule - Formula

A

C < b*r

39
Q

What is Hamiltons rule - Formula - C, b , r

A 
c = Cost to Aultristic donor
b = benefit to donor
r = level of relatedness
40
Q

What is Hamiltons rule - Formula - r

A

r is from 0-1 where 1 is you and 1

41
Q

What is nepotism?

A

Favouritism towards ones kin

42
Q

What is Female philopatry?

A

1) a social system in which females remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while males leave at sexual maturity
2) this means that a group of females is related it some way - sisters, mothers, aunts, or cousins and these females attract unrelated males.

43
Q

Who do females affiliate + form alliance with ?

A

Old world Female kin members with r> .125

44
Q

The higher the grooming the higher the

A

relatredness

45
Q

How does a primate recognize a kin? (3)

A

1) Odour
2) Facial Recognition
3) Close association between infant and mother results in recognition or familiarity with maternal kin

46
Q

Why does nepotism drop off? 2

A

1) Can’t recognize your kind after a certain threshold

2) Reach a level where kin discrimination does not become profitable - r

47
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3)

A

1) Kin selection
2) Reciprocal Altruism
3) Parental investment

48
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism- Does altruism happen between non relatives

A

YES

49
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Can Altruism between non relativeness be explained by kin selection

A

Altruism between non relativeness cannot be explained by kin selection rather it is explained by the theory reciprocal altruism

50
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism -

A

Helping behaviour between non-relatives that will be paid back later

51
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Example

A

Seyfarth’s grooming for Support Model

52
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Example - What is the Seyfarth’s grooming for Support Model (2)

A

1) Grooming between goes up as the hierarchy. Meaning lower ranking members groom more frequently - vice versa
2) support in a conflict goes down the hierarchy. Meaning the higher ranking members provide support at a higher frequency and vice versa

53
Q

What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Example - What is the Seyfarth’s grooming for Support Model - If A is the highest rank and E is the lowest by which member is grooming directed at the most (i), giving the most grooming to the highest member (ii), is getting the most protection (iii)

A

i) A
ii) B
iii) B

54
Q

Does “helping” behaviour ever occur between no-kin without evidence of reciprocal altruism?

A

Yes, this is called mutualism!

55
Q

Does “helping” behaviour ever occur between no-kin without evidence of reciprocal altruism? - Mutualism

A

Cooperation between tow or more individuals where each has the potential to gain a direct benefit / shared advantage

56
Q

Does “helping” behaviour ever occur between no-kin without evidence of reciprocal altruism? - Mutualism - Note because each individuals GAINS it does not fit into our definition of ….

A

altruism

57
Q

What does altruism require?

A

a cost to the actor

58
Q

Summary: What is altruism

A

potentially improves survival & fitness while potentially costing the actor

59
Q

Summary: What is Sociobiology? (3)

A

1) Used to explain altruistic behaviour
2) Kin selection
3) reciprocal altruism

60
Q

Summary Behaviours evolved through mutualism may LOOK superficially like altruism, but they aid both participants

A

IDK MAYBE MUTUALISM? Behaviours evolved through mutualism may LOOK superficially like altruism, but they aid both participants

Anthro (12 decks)

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