Sociological Theory applied to Equal opportunities - paper 1 Flashcards
SPORTS AND SOCIETY (30 cards)
what is socialism in context of sport?
socialism is the lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices, and roles to take their place in society
what are the two types of socialisation and when do they occur?
- primary socialisation = early years
- secondary socialisation = teenager/adult years
what is primary socialisation?
Early years of childhood with immediate family.
A key process is internalisation of a societys culture where individuals share, absorb and accept its shared norms and values.
Basic values and accepting behaviour patterns.
Play is a good way to learn how to share, interact and practice becoming an adult.
For families, physical exercise provides a time where they come together eg. cycling.
what is secondary socialisation?
Occurs during the later Yeats - as teenagers and adults when family is less involved and other agencies are deliberately set up for the socialisation process and begin to exert more influence eg. peer groups.
School is important for social development. Eg. socialisation process by teaching important moral skills such as co-operation, teamwork and learning to take responsibility for actions.
what is gender socialism?
Part of secondary socialisation.
Gender socialisation involved the learning of behaviour and attitudes historically considered appropriate for a given sex.
Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls via socialisation including friends, family, school and the mass media.
what is social control in relation to sport?
social control is how institutions like education and media prevent social mobility and social change
how can education be seen to promote social control within British society?
private v state education means richer and poorer students are kept separate which prevents social change
how can religion be seen to promote social control within British society?
- an institution created by the middle class
- is used to oppress the working class and prevent social change
how can law be seen to promote social control within British society?
- the judicial system was created by the middle class
- laws can be seen as more lenient towards ‘white collar’ crime
how can media be seen to promote social control within British society?
- can have social control over groups such as women
- e.g. different coverage between male and female sport stars
what barriers to equal opportunity exist due to gender? what initiatives are being taken?
- lack of role models/media coverage
- poor aspirations due to gender pay gap
initiatives:
- this girl can
- equal pay in tennis
what barriers to equal opportunities exist due to disability? what initiatives are being taken?
- lack of opportunity (sports not adapted)
- expensive costs for equipment
initiatives:
- inclusivity with sport england
- grants from uk sport
what barriers to equal opportunity exists due to ethnicity? what initiatives are being taken?
- racism (e.g. stacking and channeling)
- fewer role models
initiatives:
- encouragement in schools
- increased media coverage
what role does the social class play in access to sport?
- rowing and golf = seen as a more middle class sport
- football and athletics = seen more as a working class sport
- sport offers an avenue for social change
- sport promotes social control
what is the definition of equal opportunities in sport?
equal opportunities means no prejudice, discrimination or stereotyping
what are the two types of discrimination in sport and how do they differ?
overt = visible/obvious (e.g. shouting, verbal abuse)
covert = hidden/less obvious (e.g. substitution a good player unfairly)
what is social change in sport?
social change is re-adjusting to meet the ‘new needs’ of groups. it is stopped by inequality but can be promoted by supporting organisations initiatives
how is access to sport different in UK schools?
access to sport is more limited in the UK, state schools compared to independent schools, but changes are being made to ensure sport is ‘for all’ in the 21st century
what is sport England slogan and goal?
slogan: ‘create a sporting habit for life’
goal: more money in communities = boosts participation
what are some social problems that exist in sport?
- hooliganism in football
- gender pay gap
- disadvantages for people that are restricted from playing certain sports
- racist chanting
what is social stratification?
where society is divided into different levels on the basis of wealth and status
the higher you are socially the greater access you have to resources
how can sport be seen as an instigator to social change?
- people can create a new athletic identity, temporarily replacing inequalities of everyday life
- national curriculum states that ever child must access PE at school
what are social processes?
consists of social control and social change
Social issues - what are the causes of inequality in participation in sport?
Lack of money/ costs of participation.
Lack of confidence or self esteem.
Lack of role models to aspire to, lack of coaches, leaders of sports organisation in positions of responsibility.
Myths or stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of women, ethnic minorities and disabled people.
