Sociology - C&D - Global organised crime Flashcards
(25 cards)
Global organised crime
The cross-border activities of organised crime whereby groups are exploiting (to their advantage) their increasing global interconnectedness and interdependence in society (Franco 2007)
What does Aas (2007) identify global criminal organisations crimes to include?
Drug and human trafficking, arms trading
What happened to HSBC in relation to Money laundering (AO2)?
Found guilty in 2015 of money laundering and had to pay 28 million pound to the Swiss authorities
What can the nature of criminal organisations be?
Paramilitary terrorists
How does Article 2a of the UN convention on Transnational organised crime define organised crime as?
A structured group of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes in order to obtain a benefit
When is an offence transnational?
if a committed/planned crime affects one state or more
Why is it hard to provide accurate estimates of global organised crime?
Because it is hard to define its scope and many organised crimes do not become known to law enforcement agencies each year
How much was lost in 2022 according to the PwC’s Global economic crime and fraud survey?
Global economic crime and fraud survey 2022 respondents reported total losses of $42 billion dollars
What are the disadvantages of global organised crime?
- The response to it has been slow and hampered by many factors
- Taylor has challenged the global idea of crime as it is a grey area
- Robertson challenged idea of global cooperation
- difficult to police
What factors has hampered the response to global organised crime?
Miscommunication and difficulties in transferring information between states supported by post modernists as it looks at modern changes in crime due to globalisation
Why has Taylor challenged the ‘global’ idea of crime as a grey area?
It includes legal and illegal activities and there is an overlap between criminal activity and the powerful wealthy elite in terms of how they can dodge laws (Marxism)
Why does Robertson challenge the idea of the global cooperation of crime?
due to glocal organised crime which is the local context in which crime functions. Glocalisation involves the intertwining of local and global conditions together which are interdependent
Why is Global organised crime difficult to police?
because international laws are ill defined and some countries a may be unaware of laws that operate elsewhere
What are the advantages of global organised crime?
+ Supported by the idea of the ‘dark figure of crime’
What did Castells (2000) say about Globalisation in terms of global organised crime?
That organised crime is similar to business networks which take the opportunity of globalisation to link up with other criminals in other countries to minimise risks and maximise profits
What does global mean to Castells (2000)?
Means knowledge, goods and people can move quickly, easily and cheaply across national borders and remain undetected for long periods of time
How does Castells (2000) think organised global crime operates?
By basing their management and production in low risk areas which lack regulations they then target affluent and wealthy markers to commit their crimes.
Where does Castells (2000) think global organised crime originates?
In a weak state whereby law enforcement is corrupt (Colombia and Bolivia in South America where farmers grow illegal crops as it brings more money)
What did Hobbs say about drug crime in the Uk?
Drug crime in the UK has become global whereby it is based locally but has global connections
What does Newburn identity as the 3 consequences of globalisation for crime and criminals?
- impossible for individual countries to combat some crimes
- created new opportunities for crime
- countries are becoming more aware of global risks
Why does Newburn see that it is impossible for individual countries to fight particular crimes?
because it may be hard to monitor and if it originates from outside their country it will be harder, for example cyber fraud and victims in the UK may be targeted by criminals in other parts of europe
How has globalisation increased and created new opportunities for crime to occur? (According to Newburn)
Example: Human trafficking often means that the crime might begin in one continent and end up in another. This might lead to slavery and forced prostitution
How are counties becoming more aware of global risks of crime like terrorism according to Newburn?
Beck stated there is a ‘Global risks of crime consciousness’ meaning people in richer companies are more aware of the negative effects of global crime and people are opposed to state policies that expose them to these risks
What are the advantages of Newburn ideas?
- Radical criminologists and Marxists would support it
- Globalisaton has allowed international police forces to work together such as interpol (left wing ideas of multiagency approach)
