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Sociology > SOCIOLOGY FINAL > Flashcards

SOCIOLOGY FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Wright Mills and The sociological imagination

A

The ability to understand the dynamic relationship between individual lives and the larger society

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2
Q

Quality of mind

A

The ability to look beyond personal circumstance and into social context

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3
Q

Cheerful robots

A

Mills created this term which describes people who could not see the social world

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4
Q

Peter Berger

A

Seeing the general in the particular is the ability t look at seemingly unique events (particular) and then recognize the larger (general) features involved. and seeing the familiar and the strange.

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5
Q

The scientific revolution

A

hard science should be applied to the social world

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6
Q

Comte’s Theological stage

A

religious outlook, the world is an expression of God

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7
Q

Comte’s Metaphysical stage

A

a period of questioning and challenging (including the teachings of the Church)

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8
Q

Comte’s positive stage

A

rules of observation, experimentation and logic

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9
Q

Positivism

A

A theoretical approach that considers all understanding to be based on science

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10
Q

Anti positivism

A

A theoretical approach that considers knowledge and understanding to be the result of human subjectivity

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11
Q

Quantitative

A

Measurable behaviour tends to be positive

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12
Q

Qualitative

A

Non measurable subjective behaviors, anti positivist in nature

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13
Q

The political revolution

A

Promotion of individual rights and social responsibility, equal opportunity, and the political ideology of democracy

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14
Q

Machiavelli

A

human behavior motivated by self interest

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15
Q

Descartes

A

“I think therefore I am”, we are all masters of our own destiny

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16
Q

Hobbes

A

True nature of humankind is self-preservation

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17
Q

Locke

A

Knowledge is the result of experience

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18
Q

Rousseau

A

We achieve more working together than we can apart

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19
Q

The industrial revolution

A

associated with technological advancement. society went from agricultural to industrial.

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20
Q

Macro

A

Refers to attempting to understand society as a whole

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21
Q

Micro

A

Refers to attempting to understand individual or small group dynamics

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22
Q

macro-sociologists

A

Marx, Durkheim, and Weber

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23
Q

micro-sociologists

A

Mead, Cooley, and Blumer

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24
Q

Sociology in Canada

A
  • Geography and regionalism
  • Political economy
  • Canadianization movement
  • Radical nature
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25
Q

Annie Marion MacLean

A

first Canadian woman to receive a PHD in sociology

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26
Q

Carl Dawson

A

co authored an introductory sociology textbook that was widely used in North American

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27
Q

Helen Abell

A

regarded as the founder of rural sociology

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28
Q

John Porter

A

wrote the seminal work “the vertical mosaic: an analysis of social class and power in Canada”

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29
Q

Globalization

A

A worldwide process involving the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

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30
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • people are responsible for creating their social worlds
  • natural state: how humans existed prior to the emergence of social structures
  • people are motivated by self interest and the pursuit of power
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31
Q

John Locke

A
  • God was responsible for the emergence of society and government
  • Tabula Rasa
  • right to self preservation and to private property
  • individual autonomy and freedom
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32
Q

Charles Montesquieu

A
  • people never existed outside or without society
  • humans created and defined by society
  • laws define the spirit of the people; the republic, the monarchy, and despotism
  • appreciation for cultural diversity and comparative methodology
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33
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A
  • the social contract
  • human beings are perfectible and can achieve their potential only through society
  • entered into the social contract as free and equal individuals
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34
Q

The enlightenment

A

philosophers advocated for critical thinking and practical knowledge and built on the natural sciences

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35
Q

conservative reaction

A

Sociology was born out of the conservative reaction against enlightenment thinking . conservatives believed that society was not the product of individuals, but was an entity in itself

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36
Q

Functionalism

A

social world is a dynamic system of interrelated and interdependent parts

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37
Q

Organic analogy

A

Human society is similar to an organism, which is fails to work together the system will fail

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38
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

-Survival of the fittest
-Social Darwinism
Darwin’s idea of natural selection, asserts societies evolve according to the same principles as biological organisms

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39
Q

Emile Durkheim

A
  • founder of modern sociology
  • collective conscious drives behaviour
  • social facts are general social features that exist on their own and are independent of the individual manifestations
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40
Q

Anomie

A

State of normlessness that results from the lack of clear goals and creates feelings of confusion that may ultimately result in higher suicide rates

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41
Q

Mechanic solidarity

A

Describes early societies based on similarities and differences

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42
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Describes later societies organized around interdependence and the increasing division of labour

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43
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

created social action theory;

A framework which attempts to separate behaviours from actions to explain why people do what they do

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44
Q

Four functional imperatives (AGIL)

A

Adaption
Goal attainment
Integration
Latency

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45
Q

Robert Merton

A
  • social structures have many functions
  • manifest content
  • latent content
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46
Q

Criticisms of the functionalist approach

A
  • does not account for social change
  • overemphasis on the extent to which harmony and stability actually exist in society
  • often overlooked the positive consequences that can result from conflict and struggle
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47
Q

Conflict theory

A

society is grounded upon inequality and competition

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48
Q

Karl Marx

A

Believed that the caste struggle was the most important inspiration behind the historical transformation of societies. He viewed social stratification as a mechanism that institutionalizes inequality and promotes social stability over time

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49
Q

idealism

A

human mind and consciousness are more important in understanding the human condition than is the material world

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50
Q

Base/superstructure

A

dynamic relationship between the material and social elements of society

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51
Q

Base

A

material and economic foundation for society, includes the forces and relations of production

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52
Q

Superstructure

A

all the things that society values and aspires to once its material needs are met. Includes religion, politics, law

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53
Q

False consciousness

A

Belief in and support of the system that oppresses you

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54
Q

Class consciousness

A

Recognition of domination and oppression, and the collective action that follows

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55
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Society and all social structures are nothing more than the creations of interacting people, and therefore can be changed

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56
Q

Ritzer’s principles of symbolic interactionism

A

-people learn meanings and symbols in social settings -humans have the capacity for thought

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57
Q

Max weber

A

Verstehen- a deep understanding and interpretation of subjective social meanings

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58
Q

Georg Simmel

A

society is the summation of human experience and its patterned interactions. he came up with formal sociology: different human interactions can be similar in form

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59
Q

George Herbert Mead

A
  • I+me=self
  • gaining approval from significant others
  • generalized others
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60
Q

Charles H Cooley

A

Sympathetic introspection: putting yourself into someone else’s shoes
Looking glass self: we develop our self image through the cues we receive from others
self fulfilling prophecy: internalize impressions and as a result become the kind of person we believe others to see us as

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61
Q

Erving Goffman

A

-dramaturgical analysis: the “self” emerges from the performances we play and how the other actors relate to us

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62
Q

Western Marxism

A

Gramsci’s concept of hegemony

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63
Q

Gramsci

A 
diverged from Marx in his analysis of how the ruling class ruled
-two forms of political control: domination ad hegemony
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64
Q

Domination

A

Physical and violent coercion

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65
Q

Hegemony

A

Domination through ideological control

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66
Q

Superstructure

A

Divided into the state and civil society

-prevailing consciousness internalized by population and becomes common sense

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67
Q

Dorothy Smith

A

second wave feminist that believed that knowledge production has been androcentric

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68
Q

Discourse

A

social organized activity among people

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69
Q

Ruling relations

A

Socially organized practices of individuals

People actively constitute social relations

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70
Q

Complex relations

A

the same set of social relations that produces men’s privilege also produces women’s oppression

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71
Q

Bell Hooks

A

third wave feminist. Black feminist thought criticized feminist theorizing that automatically positions households as places of patriarchal oppression for women

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72
Q

Post structuralism

A

Concerned with how knowledge is socially produced

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73
Q

Foucault

A

focused on power, knowledge, and discourse

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74
Q

Power

A

Created within social relationships

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75
Q

Knowledge

A

Can never be separated from relations of power

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76
Q

Queer theory

A

problematizes the standard of equality based on sameness

-three main areas of queer theory : desire, language, and identity

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77
Q

Imperialism

A

The ideas, practices, and attitudes of colonizers

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78
Q

Colonialism

A

The effects of imperialism within colonized spaces

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79
Q

Orientalism

A

A western style of thought that creates a false opposition between the Orent (East) and the Occident (West)

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80
Q

Academic orientalism

A

Knowledge produced by academics, experts, about the Orient

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81
Q

Imaginative orientalism

A

Representations including art, novel, poems, images, that make a distinction between the orient and the occident

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82
Q

Institutional orientalism

A

Institutions created by Europeans such that they could gain authority over, alter and rile the Orient

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83
Q

critical race theory

A

seeks to understand inequality and racism

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84
Q

Anthony Giddens

A

transformation of time and space in our lives

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85
Q

Time-space distinction

A

the separation of time and space which allows social relations to shift from a local to a global context

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86
Q

Disembedding mechanisms

A

Mechanism that aids in shifting social relations from local to global contexts

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87
Q

Symbiotic token

A

Medium of exchange

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88
Q

Expert systems

A

Systems of knowledge on which we rely on but we may never be in direct contact

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89
Q

Functionalist research

A

A researcher working from a functionalist perspective is interested in the smooth functioning of society—for example, how roles and shared values promote equilibrium.

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90
Q

Conflict theorists research

A

a conflict theorist may be interested in how families cope with current economic strains. Researchers working from this perspective may be interested in examining government and corporate policies that disadvantage families by privatizing or withdrawing particular social supports.

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91
Q

Symbolic interactionists research

A

Examining individuals and small groups. A symbolic interactionist researcher may be interested in how immigrant families negotiate their sense of identity in their new surroundings.

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92
Q

Inductive logic

A

moves from data to theory

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93
Q

Deductive

A

moves from theory to data

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94
Q

Independent variables

A

can be varied or manipulated by researchers.

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95
Q

Dependent variables

A

is the reaction (if one occurs) of the participants to this manipulation.

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96
Q

Operational definition

A

a description of something that allows it to be measured

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97
Q

Validity

A

If a measurement is valid, it means that it accurately measures the concept.

98
Q

Reliability

A

refers to the consistency of a given result.

99
Q

Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables; it can range from weak to strong.

100
Q

Causality

A

means that one variablecausesa change in the other variable.

101
Q

Spurious correlation

A

when one variable seems to produce a change in another variable, but in reality the correlation is false.

102
Q

Research population

A

a group of people that a researcher wishes to learn something about.

103
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the larger research population

104
Q

Surveys

A

three main types of surveys are self administered questionnaires, telephone surveys, and in person surveys

105
Q

The most well knows self administered survey in Canada

A

The most well knows self administered survey in Canada is the Census of Population performed by statistics Canada every five years

106
Q

Interviews

A

can be semi structured or structured

107
Q

Participant observation

A

involves a researcher’s active participation in the daily life activities of those he or she is observing. can be covert and semi covert

108
Q

Content analysis

A

analysis of texts. content analysis can also be a combined effort of both qualitative and quantitative approaches

109
Q

secondary analysis

A

useful in studying past events and trends over time. example, Durkheim’s classic suicide study

110
Q

Participatory action research

A

brings together two approaches: action research and participatory research.

111
Q

Multiple research methods

A

A mixed methodresearch project happens when researchers choose to design a single research project that uses elements of both qualitative and quantitative procedures

112
Q

Triangulation

A

happens when researchers employ more than one research method in an attempt to more fully understand what they are researching.

113
Q

Androcentricity

A

A vision of the world inmale terms, a reconstruction of the social universe through a male perspective

114
Q

Overgeneralization

A

occurs when researchers include only one sex in their study but present their findings as being applicable to both men and women

115
Q

Overspecificity

A

occurs when sex-specific terms are used in situations that are relevant to both sexes. Terms such asmankindandman-madeare instances of overspecificity

116
Q

Gender insensitivity

A

occurs when gender is ignored as a socially important variable

117
Q

Sex appropriateness

A

a specific instance of a double standard. Eichler specifies that sex appropriateness occurs “whenhumantraits or attributes are assigned only to one sex or the other and are treated as more important for the sex to which they have been assigned”

118
Q

Familism

A

a problem derived from gender insensitivity. It occurs when families are taken as the smallest unit of analysis in situations where specific individuals within those families are responsible for particular actions or experiences.

119
Q

Sexual dichotomism

A

an extreme form of a double standard. It occurs when the two sexes are treated as completely separate and distinct social and biological groups rather than as two groups with overlapping or similar characteristics

120
Q

Tri-Council Policy Statement

A

directs that “Women shall not be inappropriately excluded from research solely on the basis of gender or sex.”

121
Q

theNuremberg Code

A

It details 10 principles for ethical research, covering such topics as voluntary consent, beneficial results for society, avoidance of unnecessary harm

122
Q

Milgram’s obedience study

A

Milgram devised an experiment in which he could witness whether people were willing to “harm” others simply because a researcher told them to do so. Milgram discovered that two-thirds of the participants continued to “shock” another human being even as they heard sounds of pain and pleas to stop the experiment.

123
Q

The Stanford prison experiment

A

a prison was constructed in the basement of Stanford University and male students were recruited as participants. The participants were randomly assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The men then engaged in role play—guards ordered the prisoners to engage in particular actions, and the prisoners followed these orders. After only six days, the study was terminated because of the condition of the participants

124
Q

Nature

A

holds that our actions and feelings stem from our biological roots.

125
Q

Nurture

A

Argues that we are the product of our socialization, and the result of social interactions

126
Q

sociobiology

A

uses evolutionary theory and genetic inheritance to examine the biological roots of social behaviour

127
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Like sociobiology,evolutionary psychologyargues that Darwinian inheritance can explain contemporary human behavior

128
Q

Role playing

A

A way to explain symbolic interactionists analysis of how we interpret ourselves, other people, and the social world by assuming the position of another to better understand that person’s perspective

129
Q

Preparatory stage

A
  • children wanting to please the significant others in their lives
  • through positive and negative reinforcement, children begin to develop the I, but the me is also forming in the background
130
Q

Play stage (ages three to five)

A
  • children assume the roles of others through role play and their me continues to grow
  • children want to receive more positive reinforcement from significant others
131
Q

Game stage (elementary- school years)

A
  • they begin to take on multiple roles in life (daughter, student, friend)
  • they begin to identify with the generalized other
  • this is the stage in which primary socialization occurs, when they learn attitude, values, and appropriate behaviours
132
Q

Double consciousness

A

Du Bois describes Black Americans as possessing double consciousness in his book “the soul of black folk”. This is being caught between a self concept as an American and also as a black person
-he describes it as both a deprivation and a gift

133
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Individuals, groups, and social institutions that together help people to become functioning members of society

134
Q

the four principle agents of socialization

A

families, peers, education, and mass media

135
Q

Cultural capital

A

term coined by Pierre Bourdieu, which describes how children’s social assets gained from their families help the school and prepare them for success, which in turn reproduces ruling class culture

136
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

Asserts that beyond schools conscious formal obligations to teach course content are the unconscious, informal , and unwritten rules that reinforce and maintain social conventions

137
Q

Socialization across the life course

A

Sociologists tend to distinguish the socialization that occurs during childhood as primary socialization and the socialization that occurs throughout one’s adult life as life course

138
Q

Birth cohort

A

How sociologists track how events may influence people’s lives which encompasses all those who are born during a given person and therefore experience historical events at the same point in their lives

139
Q

Empty nest syndrome

A

Women becoming more likely to be depressed as the last child leaves home, research has shown this syndrome is a myth.
Majority of women actually experience an increase in life satisfaction and psychological well being when children leave the home

140
Q

Means tested programs

A

The Canadian old age pension plan and the old age assistance program were programs implemented based on financial needs

141
Q

Gerontology

A

The scientific study of old age and aging

142
Q

Stages of dealing with mortality established by Kubler Ross

A
  1. denial
    1. Anger
    2. Bargaining
    3. Depression
      1. Acceptance
143
Q

Dying trajectories

A

Idea established by Kubler Ross, which is the course that dying takes in both social and psychological senses. Her model describes the sequence of dying and suggests a set of overall therapeutic recommendations as to how dying “should” take place

144
Q

Resocialization

A

The profound change or complete transformation of a person’s personality as a result of being placed in a situation or an environment dedicated to changing his or her previous identity
Ex. Being places in a prison or psychiatric institution

Erving Goffman studies resocializations that occur in total institutions in his book “asylums”

145
Q

Total institutions

A

Settings in which people are isolated from society and supervised by an administrative staff

146
Q

Mortifications of self

A

People’s existing identities being stripped from them, through having all their personal possessions taken away, losing control over their daily schedule, wearing uniforms etc.

147
Q

Social stratification

A

A society’s hierarchical ranking of people into social classes

148
Q

Social class

A

Based on both birth and achievements in life

149
Q

Social status

A

An individuals position within the class structure

150
Q

Meritocracy

A

The belief that people can achieve wealth and status through individual attributes

151
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement between classes

152
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

Comparing adult children’s status to that of their parents or comparing an individuals status position over his of her lifetime

153
Q

Classism

A

The belief that people’s relative worth is at least partly determined by their social and economic status

154
Q

Blaming the victim

A

A perspective that assumes that the poor need only to work harder to transcend poverty

155
Q

Culture of poverty

A

A term to accentuate anthropologist Oscar Lewis’ belief that the poor have different subcultural value systems than the larger American society and that these systems limit their ability and desire to escape poverty

156
Q

Deferred gratification

A

The ability to forgo immediate pleasures in the interest of achieving greater rewards in the future. The poor appear to have difficulty deferring gratification

157
Q

Blaming the system

A

A perspective that recognizes the systemic discrimination that exists within social systems and is more consistent with the sociological perspective

158
Q

Deindustrialization

A

The transformation of an economy from one based on manufacturing to one based on services

159
Q

From perception to policy

A

The perceptions of why people succeed or fail have important policy implications for government

160
Q

Closed systems

A

Those based on ascribed status

161
Q

Open systems

A

Based on achieved status

162
Q

Caste systems

A

Ascribed systems, allow no social mobility

163
Q

Class structure

A

Overall economic hierarchy that categorizes groups of people based on their socioeconomic status. It is comprised of three indicators of social position: income, occupational prestige, and education. It is important to look at all of these indicators together

164
Q

Intergenerational income elasticity

A 
How social mobility is measured
-lower scores indicate a more open class system
165
Q

Occupational prestige

A

People agreeing on prestige and the social value of certain positions or occupations

166
Q

Davis-Moore thesis

A

Holds that social inequality serves two important social functions: it instills in certain people the desire to fill certain social positions and it instills in these people the desire to complete their duties and responsibilities

167
Q

Weber argued there are other sources of influence

A

class, status groups, and party

168
Q

Status inconsistency

A

Weber proposed that since three distinct systems of stratification are at work, there exists the possibility of status inconsistency which occurs when an individual occupies several differently ranked statuses at the same time.

169
Q

Conspicuous consumption

A

Concept found by thorstein veblen

-it is the purchase of good simply because they are valuable despite having no innate satisfaction in them

170
Q

Conspicuous leisure

A

The demonstration of ones high social status through forms of leisure that include taking long vacations in exotic locales

171
Q

Conspicuous waste

A

The disposal of valuable goods to demonstrate wealth

172
Q

The double ghetto

A

The situation in which women who have full time jobs outside the home often work another “shift” when they get home

173
Q

Low income cut off

A

The poverty line
-represents the level of income at which a household in a particular location must spend 20 percentage points more of its gross income on food, shelter, and clothing than does the average Canadian household.

174
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

Recognizes the universality of women’s wage discrimination

175
Q

Kuznets curve

A

A theory that argues that as societies developed, they become more inequal until the early phases of the Industrial Revolution, after which inequality tended to decline

176
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Suggests that while hunting and gathering societies are open and classless, significant social stratification emerges in horticultural societies and then expands throughout agrarian and industrial economies. Essentially as technology develops, wealth accumulates into fewer hands, resulting in greater social inequality

177
Q

The Gini Index

A

A measure of inequality of wealth or income distribution. Deviations from the 45 degree angle are referred to as the Lorenz curve.

178
Q

Freud: Essentialism

A

Male-female differences are universal; reflect biological differences. Gender is part of “essence” of a person’s biological makeup

179
Q

Mark Simpson

A

Metrosexual: not fixed, but gender identity is fluid and changing

180
Q

gender relations

A

organizing principles within society- shape interactions between men and women

181
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A

normative idea of masculinity (antonia gramsci)

182
Q

emphasized feminity

A

based on women’s compliance with their subordination to men

183
Q

the chilly climate

A

represent women’s experience on university campuses

184
Q

exchange theory

A

suggests that power in a relationship is influenced by the resources that a partner brings to a relationship

185
Q

Butler

A

theorist that argues there is no essential basis to gender nor is there some authentic feminity or masculinity that is rooted in female or male bodies (gender is our performance of gender)

186
Q

serial monogamy

A

having a series of monogamous relationships

187
Q

the racialized sexual double standard

A

sexual exploitation of Black women from American slavery, white women superior to Black women

188
Q

Kingsley Davis

A

wrote about sexuality and argued that prostitution helped keep families together (functionalist)

189
Q

the heterosexual questionnaire

A

created by Rochlin, directed at heterosexuals as means of exposing heteronormativity- the assumption that being straight is normal

190
Q

eurocentrism

A

the view of Europeans being superior

191
Q

ecological fallacy

A

people drawing conclusions about individuals based on generalized perceptions about an entire group

192
Q

exception fallacy

A

when people draw conclusions about an entire group based on observations of individuals

193
Q

democratic racism

A

the belief that we’re all just people and should treat everyone equally

194
Q

individual discrimination

A

discrimination against one another

195
Q

direct institutional discrimination

A

institution employing policies or practices that are discriminatory against a person or group

196
Q

indirect institutional discrimination

A

occurs when action results in individuals being treated differently based on unlawful criteria

197
Q

scapegoat theory

A

people wanting to blame specific groups

198
Q

authoritarian personality theory

A

people believing strongly in following cultural norms, traditions, values

199
Q

Frankfurt school

A

group of German social philosophers who worked with critical social theory

200
Q

the f scale

A

developed by Adorno to measure authoritarianism

201
Q

cultural theory

A

suggests prejudice is found in all cultures

202
Q

ethnocentrism

A

benefits of one culture over another

203
Q

social distance

A

Bogardus found people could rank different ethnic groups based on how close or distant they felt from them

204
Q

dual labor market (conflict theory)

A

argues that modern societies have two distinct types of labor markets

205
Q

primary labor market

A

secure positions that pay healthy salary and benefits

206
Q

secondary labor markets

A

no advantages, low pay

207
Q

Marxist and exploitation theory

A

views the powerful economic elite as benefitting the most from discrimination

208
Q

selective perception (symbolic interactionism)

A

as we grow older our prejudice is reinforced, we limit positive perceptions of minority groups and accentuate negative attributes

209
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the proposal that prejudiced attitudes can decline w intergroup contact

210
Q

multiracial feminism

A

incorporated multiple understandings of what it means to be a woman or man in today’s society

211
Q

five categories of minority relations

A
  • genocide
  • expulsion and population transfer
  • segregation and separatism
  • assimilation
  • cultural pluralism or multi culturalism
212
Q

cultural relativism

A

appreciating differences of other cultures and that all cultures should be evaluated on their own terms rather than according to one’s own cultural standards

213
Q

Whorf hypothesis

A

created by Sapir, suggests language influences how we perceive the world

214
Q

linguistic determinism

A

assumes that the way you think is determined by the language you speak

215
Q

linguistic relativism

A

suggests that differences between languages do not determine but reflect different world views of their speakers

216
Q

environmental sociology

A

study of the interaction between human societies and the natural environment

217
Q

ecology

A

the study of how living organisms interact w the environment

218
Q

deep ecology

A

mystical approach

219
Q

anthropocentrism

A

that the environment exists for the pleasure and exploitation of human beings

220
Q

new ecological paradigm

A

extends this thinking by emphasizing that modern industrial society is beginning to exceed the limits of environment

221
Q

ecocentric

A

humans being apart of the ecosystem

222
Q

the triple bottom line

A

found by Elkington, who argues companies should rethink their business model as having three distinct bottom lines

  • traditional bottom line
  • people account
  • planet account
223
Q

the triple helix

A

the concept of having universities, private corporations, and governments work together to innovate and help protect the environment

224
Q

greenhouse effect

A

regulates earth’s temp, and absorbs and traps heat into the earth

225
Q

carbon sink

A

natural matter absorbing more carbon than it emits

226
Q

carbon source

A

when natural matter emits more carbon than it absorbs

227
Q

permafrost

A

ground that has been frozen for longer than two successive years

228
Q

Anthropocene

A

the idea that human activities impact the earth so much that it constitutes a new geological era

229
Q

ecosystem

A

refers to the number and variety of habitats for organisms within a geographic area

230
Q

species diversity

A

number of species that exist in a given ecosystem

231
Q

genetic diversity

A

amount of genetic information within single population species

232
Q

environmental racism

A

discrimination against minority groups and poor people who are subject to environmental hazards and pollution

233
Q

robert bullard

A

father of environmental justice

234
Q

dominant social paradigms

A

capitalism

235
Q

alternative environmental paradigm

A

advocates for smaller societies that do not use science and tech to dominate environment

236
Q

the treadmill of production theory

A

asserts that capitalism’s insatiable quest for profits and economic expansion is at odds w protecting the environment

237
Q

ecological modernization theory

A

emerged from Joseph Huber, suggests that tech and scientific discoveries will keep pace w human and environmental pressures and allow economic expansion without destroying the environment

238
Q

ecofeminism

A

combines feminist and ecological insights into exploitive domination of women and nature by men

239
Q

cultural ecofeminism

A

encourages a connection with women and the environment

240
Q

bioprospecting

A

refers to companies search for news sources to exploit economic potential

241
Q

biocolonialism

A

dominant and submissive relationship w western corporation and local people

242
Q

biopiracy

A

the unauthorized appropriation of traditional biological and genetic knowledge, resources, and practices of Indigenous people

Sociology (4 decks)

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