Sociology Final (exam 2-ch.6) Flashcards
(22 cards)
what is social control?
means by which members of a society encourage conformity to norms
what are positive and negative sanctions?
positive sanctions- bring rewards
nonconformity- penalties
what is informal social control?
use of informal sanctioning to facilitate conformity, example is a friend group ridiculing someone for liking a certain thing
what is formal social control?
using formal sanctioning methods to facilitate normative conformity
what is conformity?
going along with a group without being obligated to do so
what is obedience?
compliance with the directions of authority figures
what is an example of obedience?
milligram study where people kept shocking patients even though they were suffering
what is behavior that violates the norms of a group or society?
deviance
is deviance set in stone?
no, differs across cultures
what is anomie?
social condition where norms lose their hold on social behavior
what is the functionalist perspective of deviance?
helps to define acceptable behavior, contributing to social stability
what is the conflict perspective of deviance?
law is an instrument of opression, definition of deviance serves interests of the elites( ex. white collar vs street crime, powder vs crack cocaine)
what is the symbolic interactionist perspective of deviance?
what we understand as deviant depends on our group membership
what is the differential association theory?( symbolic interactionist perspective)
one learns criminal behavior through interactions with others
What is the labeling theory?
notion that social labels shape self perception and perception of others
US crime rates are __________ compared to other nations
very high
most crime is ___________
non violent
most crime is not random. What is an example of this?
murder is often friendly, risk of victimization peaks at age 25 , overwhelmingly male and disproportionately impacts the poor
Why is there a great crime decline?
-economic expansion of 90s
-crack epidemic wared off
- new initiatives in community policing
-new gun control laws
-population aging and immigration
-increasing size of prison population
what are two major sources of crime data?
police reports and victimization surveys
what is a major issue in crime data?
underreporting
