Solving flashcards

Question 1

To follow the progress of chemical reactions, changes in mass, volume and other quantities can be measured.

Graphs can then be drawn and be interpreted in terms of:
- end-point of a reaction
- quantity of product
- quantity of reactant used
- effect of changing conditions

Answer 1

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Question 2

The average rate of a chemical reaction can be calculated, with appropriate units, using
the equation:

Answer 2

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Question 3

The electron arrangement of the first 20 elements can be written.

Answer 3

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Question 4

Nuclide notation is used to show the atomic number, mass number (and charge) of atoms (ions) from which the number of protons, electrons and neutrons can be determined.

Answer 4

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Question 5

Diagrams can be drawn to show how outer electrons are shared to form the covalent bond(s) in a molecule.

Answer 5

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Question 6

Ion-electron equations can be written to show the formation of ions through loss or gain of electrons.

Answer 6

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Question 7

Chemical formulae can be written for two element compounds using valency rules and a Periodic Table

Answer 7

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Question 8

The chemical formula can also be determined from names with prefixes.

Answer 8

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Question 9

Chemical formulae can be written for compounds containing group ions using valency rules and the data booklet.

Answer 9

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Question 10

Chemical equations, using formulae and state symbols, can be written and balanced.

Question 11

Calculations can be performed using the relationship between the mass and the number of
moles of a substance.

Question 12

For solutions, the mass of solute, the number of moles of solute, the volume of solution or the concentration of the solution can be calculated from data provided.

Question 13

Given a balanced equation, the mass or number of moles of a substance can be calculated given the mass or number of moles of another substance in the reaction

Question 14

The percentage composition of an element in any compound can be calculated from the formula of the compound

Question 15

Equations can be written for the following neutralisation reactions:
a metal oxide + an acid
= a salt + water
a metal hydroxide + acid
= salt + water
a metal carbonate + an acid
= a salt + water + carbon dioxide

Question 16

Reaction equations can be used to identify spectator ions.

Question 17

For neutralisation reactions, equations can be written omitting spectator ions:
- 2H⁺(aq) + O²⁻(s) → H₂O(ℓ)
metal oxides
- H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(ℓ)
metal hydroxides
- 2H⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) → H₂O(ℓ) + CO₂(g)
aqueous metal carbonates
- 2H⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(s) → H₂O(ℓ) + CO₂(g) insoluble metal carbonates

Question 18

Given a balanced equation for any titration reaction:
- the conc of one reactant can be calculated given the conc of the
other reactant and the volumes of both solutions
- the volume of one reactant can be calculated given the volume of the other reactant and the concentrations of both solutions

Question 19

The structure of any molecule can be drawn as a full or a shortened structural formula.

Question 20

Given a structural formula for a compound, an isomer can be drawn

Question 21

Isomers can be drawn for a given molecular formula.

Question 22

For straight-chain and branched alkanes (containing no more than
8 carbons in the longest chain)
- they can be systematically named from structural formulae
- their molecular formulae can be written and structural formulae can be drawn, from the systematic names of alkanes

Question 23

Cycloalkanes (C3–C8) can be systematically named from structural formulae.
Molecular formulae can be written and structural formulae can be drawn from the systematic names of un-branched cycloalkanes.

Question 24

For straight-chain and branched alkenes (with no more than
8 carbons in the longest chain)
-They can be systematically named indicating the position of the double bond, from structural formulae
- Their molecular formulae can be written and structural formulae can be drawn, from their systematic names

Question 25

Chemical equations can be written for the addition reactions of alkenes, using molecular or structural formulae.

Question 26

For Straight-chain alcohols (with no more than 8 carbon atoms) - they can be systematically named indicating the position of the hydroxyl group from structural formulae - their molecular formulae can be written and structural formulae can be drawn, from their systematic name

Question 27

For straight-chain carboxylic acids (containing no more than 8 carbons) - they can be systematically named from the structural formulae - their molecular formulae can be written and structural formulae drawn, from their systematic names - Salts formed from them (reacting with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates) can be named.

Question 28

Equations can be written for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons and alcohols

Question 29

For the quantity of heat energy released, you can use Eh = cm∆T. The quantities Eh, c, m or ∆T can be calculated, in the correct units, given relevant data. Calculations can involve heating substances other than water.

Question 30

Equations can be written, for reaction of metals with oxygen, water, and dilute acids: metal + oxygen → metal oxide metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen metal + dilute acid → salt + hydrogen

Question 31

Ion-electron equations can be written for reduction and oxidation reactions. Ion-electron equations can be combined to produce redox equations.

Question 32

Equations can be written to show the extraction of metals. - heat alone (for Ag, Au and Hg) - heating with carbon or carbon monoxide (for Cu, Pb, Sn, Fe and Zn) - electrolysis (for more reactive metals including aluminium)

Question 33

For an electrochemical cell, ion-electron equations can be written for: - the oxidation reaction - the reduction reaction - the overall redox reactions

Question 34

The direction of electron flow can be deduced for electrochemical cells including those involving non-metal electrodes.

Question 35

The structure of a polymer can be drawn given either the structure of the monomer or the repeating unit. From the structure of a polymer, the monomer or repeating unit can be drawn.

Question 36

Balanced nuclear equations can be written using nuclide notation. In nuclear equations particles are represented as: alpha particle - ⁴₂He beta particle - ⁰₋₁e a proton - ¹₁p a neutron - ¹₀n

Question 37

Radioactive isotopes can be used to date materials The half-life of an isotope can be determined from a graph showing a decay curve. Calculations can be performed using the link between the number of half-lives, time and the proportion of a radioisotope remaining.

Question 38

Given information on the type of radiation emitted and/or half-lives, the suitability of an isotope for a particular application can be evaluated