Somatic Nervous System

Question 1

conscious/unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

property by which sensation is distinguished from another

Answer 3

sensory modalities

Question 4

how many modalities does a typical sensory neuron carry

Answer 4

one

Question 5

what are the classes of sensory modality

Answer 5

general senses and special senses

Question 6

what are the general senses

Answer 6

somatic and visceral senses, which provide info about conditions within internal organs

Question 7

what are the special senses

Answer 7

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

Question 8

for sensation to occur, what series of events must take place

Answer 8

stimulation, transduction, conduction and translation

Question 9

what are sensory receptors

Answer 9

free nerve endings, encapsulted nerve endings at the dendrites of first order sensory neurons or separate cells that synpase with first order sensory neurons

Question 10

when stimulated, what do the dendrites of free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and the receptive part of olfactory produce

Answer 10

graded potentials

Question 11

what potential triggers action potentials; which does not

Answer 11

generator potential; receptor potential

Question 12

according to location, receptors are classified

Answer 12

enteroceptors, interoceptors (visceroceptors), proprioceptors

Question 13

on the basis of type of stimulus detected, receptors are classified

Answer 13

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors

Question 14

somatic sensations

Answer 14

tactile sensations, thermal sensations, pain sensations

Question 15

types of pain

Answer 15

somatic, and visceral

Question 16

proprioceptive sensations

Answer 16

muscles spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors

Question 17

what is the difference between somatic sensations and cutaneous sensations

Answer 17

all cutaneous are somatic but not all somatic sensations happen in the skin

Question 18

somatic sensory pathways

Answer 18

relay info from somatic receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex, posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cortex, anterolateral pathways to the cortex, trigeminothalamic sensory pathways to the cortex, mapping the primary somatosensory area, somatic sensory pathways to the cerebellum

Question 19

information about the temperature of the air around you would be sent to the brain by

Answer 19

exteroceptors

Question 20

loss of ability to smell baking the cake after a few minutes is an example of what

Answer 20

rapid adaptation

Question 21

muscles spindles and tendon organs are examples of

Answer 21

proprioceptors

Question 22

the degree of muscle stretch is detected by

Answer 22

muscle spindles

Question 23

somatic pain that arises from stimulation of skin receptors is classified as ___ pain

Answer 23

superficial somatic

Question 24

proprioceptors are located in the

Answer 24

muscles and tendons

Question 25

type II cutaneuous mechanoreceptors are located

Answer 25

deep in the dermis and in deeper tissues of the body

Question 26

the organ that has the broadest area of referred pain is the

Answer 26

kidney

Question 27

the type of pain felt from a puncture of a needle is called

Answer 27

fast pain

Question 28

novocaines provides short-term relief of pain by blocking conduction of the nerve impulses at the level of the

Answer 28

axons of the first-order neurons

Question 29

what is the function of the pacinian corpuscle

Answer 29

pressure

Question 30

what is the function of the root hair plexus

Answer 30

touch

Question 31

sensory nerve fibers in the posterior column decussate at the level of the

Answer 31

medulla oblangata

Question 32

third-order neurons of somatic sensory pathway project

Answer 32

from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Question 33

damage to the lateral spinothalamic tract could result in a lack of sensation of

Answer 33

pain and temperature

Question 34

the part of the body represented by the largest area of the somatosensory cortex is the

Answer 34

lips

Question 35

sensations of tickle and itch are conveyed from one side of the body to the opposite side of the cerebral hemisphere along the

Answer 35

anterior spinothalamic tract

Question 36

which tracts carry info about actual performance of muscles of the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum

Answer 36

spinocerebellar tracts

Question 37

what is true concerning voluntary motor impulses

Answer 37

they reach their effectors by way of the pyramidal pathways

Question 38

the major control region for initiation of voluntary movements of the body is the

Answer 38

primary motor area

Question 39

the corticobulbar tracts convey nerve impulses that control movements of the

Answer 39

head and neck

Question 40

the final common path to the skeletal muscles from both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways is the

Answer 40

lower motor neurons

Question 41

what part of the brain received info about planned activity, compares this with actual movements, and supplies corrective signals to other parts of the brain

Answer 41

cerebellum

Question 42

circadian rhythm refers to

Answer 42

a 24 hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness

Question 43

the reinforcement of memory due to the frequent retrieval of a piece of info is called

Answer 43

memory consolidation

Question 44

cerebral palsy is caused by

Answer 44

damage to the motor areas of the brain during fetal life, birth, or infancy

Question 45

alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles of the upper extremities, resulting in an uncontrollable shaking of the hands is a characteristic of

Answer 45

Parkinson disease

Question 46

pathways of somatic sensory pathways consist of

Answer 46

first order, second order, and third order neurons

Question 47

axon collaterals of somatic sensory neurons simultaneously carry signals into the ____ and the _____ of the ______

Answer 47

cerebellum; reticular formation; brain stem

Question 48

impulses conducted along the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway are concerned with _____, ____, and _____

Answer 48

discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibratory sensations

Question 49

what impulses does the anterolateral pathways carrys

Answer 49

mainly pain and temperature impulses

Question 50

the trigeminothalamic sensory pathways carry what impulses

Answer 50

tactile sensations, pain and temperature impulses from the face

Question 51

precise location of somatic sensations occurs at the

Answer 51

primary somatosensory area

Question 52

significance of mapping the primary somatosensory area

Answer 52

specific areas of the cerebral cortex receive somatic sensory input from particular parts of the body and other areas of the cerebral cortex provide output instructions for movement of particular parts of the body

Question 53

what are the major routes whereby proprioceptive impulses reach the cerebellum

Answer 53

posterior spinocerebellar and the anterior spinocerebellar

Question 54

LMNs (lower motor neurons) extend from the ______ or _____ to skeletal muscles

Answer 54

brain stem or spinal cord

Question 55

lower circuit neurons are located close to

Answer 55

LMNs cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord

Question 56

lower circuit neurons and LMNs receive input from

Answer 56

UMNs (upper motor neurons)

Question 57

what provides input to UMNs

Answer 57

neurons of the basal ganglia

Question 58

what also controls activity of the UMNs

Answer 58

cerebellar neurons

Question 59

what is a major control region for voluntary movements

Answer 59

primary motor area in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Question 60

what pathways provide input to LMNs from the cortex

Answer 60

direct or pyramidal motor pathways

Question 61

what pathways provide input to LMNs from motor centers in the brain stem

Answer 61

indirect motor pathways

Question 62

name direct pathways

Answer 62

corticospinal tracts and corticobulbar tracts

Question 63

what results in the various tracts of the pyramidal system conveying impulses from the cerebral cortex

Answer 63

precise muscular movements

Question 64

what do the corticospinal tracts promote

Answer 64

voluntary movements of the limbs and trunks

Question 65

what do the corticobulbar tracts promote

Answer 65

voluntary movements of the head

Question 66

what do the extrapyramidal tracts(indirect pathways) include

Answer 66

all somatic motor tracts other than direct tracts

Question 67

major indirect tracts

Answer 67

rubriospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal tracts

Question 68

what parts of the brain is involved in indirect motor pathways

Answer 68

motor cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and nuclein in brain stem

Question 69

roles of the basal ganglia (2)

Answer 69

1) help program habitual or automatic responses and set an appropriate level of muscle tone 2) selectively inhibits other motor neuron circuits that are intrinsically active or excitatory

Question 70

impairment of the basal ganglia results in

Answer 70

uncontrollable, abnormal body movement, often accompanied by muscle rigidity and tremors

Question 71

name some basal ganglia disorders

Answer 71

Parkinsons, Huntingtons, and Tourette Syndrome

Question 72

the cerebellum is involved in

Answer 72

learning and performin rapid, coordinated, highly skilled movements and in maintaining proper posture and equilibrium

Question 73

4 aspects of cerebellar function

Answer 73

1) monitoring intent for movement 2) monitoring actual movement 3) comparing input with actual performance 4) sending out corrective signals