South Africa Theme 4 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Thatcher and Botha
May 1984
5 hour talks between them
15k people demo in London protesting visit
The one day visit was the first by a SA Leader since 1961
No smiles or handshakes, just photos. This showed thatchers approval
The UDF
Formed 1983
Set up by Alan Boesak
Well organised in campagins compared to the ANC.
Produced leaflets, posters and did door to door visits.
Elections boycotts (UDF)
1983-84 boycotts
Black, coloured and Indian citizens decided best form of protest was to boycott the elections to new parliaments and local councils
Very successful
Only 29% of coloured and 19% of Indians acc voted.
Things that made the UDF more successful
More organised than the ANC
non violent
Successful boycott
Strategic planning
Advertisement and effective campaigning
Multiracial
Mass support
Boycotts 84-87
By 1984, activists were focussed on making townships ungovernable and attacking those seen as collaborating with the state
Burnt down police station and other government buildings
Councillors unpopular from beginning. Often corrupt
There were More interest in making money than helping
Vaal triangle uprising
1984-85
Black township in southern Johannesburg
Protests started with school boycott. Wanting better school facilities
After, police and army never regained control of townships.
Children led the protest !!!!
Stompie led students to town hall
The tambo text
July 1985
“Make SA ungovernable”
Appealed to young generation
Channel violence of youth
He saw no voice but to do this.
The inkhata freedom party
Founded in 1975
Chief buthelezi started the Zulu inkhata freedom movement (changed to IFP)
All zulus regarded as members, 59% of black SA’s
Black consciousness movement saw him as a collaborator
Fearing erosion of power, Buthelezi collaborated with the SADF to receive military training from their special forces in the 80’s
AWB
1973
Afrikaner Weerstandbeweging
“Afrikaner resistance movement”
Founded by Eugene Terre Blanche
Far right
First state of emergency
Late July 1985, Botha declared state of emergency
36/260 magisterial districts
Writhing first 6 months, 575 killed in political violence
25k UDF members detained
5th march 1986, announced lifted.
Second state of emergency
June 1986, 4 days before 10th anniversary of Soweto, government declared a country wide state of emergency.
Covered entire national space. More rigorous and political funerals restricted
Estimated 26k arrested veteeen June 86-87
7th June 1990, 4 years later, lifted everywhere execpt Natal
The rubicon speech
15th August 1985
Screened live to 200m
Massive disaster
Botha used to berate those outside South Africa condemning apartheid.
Said he would never give into demands from the outside world.
Economic effects of the rubicon speech
Chase manhattan, no more loans to SA
SA forced to declare unilateral meratorium on foreign debt
USA congress defied Reagan to pass the comprehensive Anti apartheid act and banned new investment and loans
USA and Australia severed air links
By end of decade over 90 US firms had withdrawn.
Other non economic effects of the rubicon speech
Botha bypassed tricameral parliament and created a state security council
Apartheid troops and police beatings aided regularly on TV
commonwealth condemned SA
Why did Bothas total strategy fail
Economy struggling party due to sanctions. Inflation 11% in 83, 18% in 86
Media coverage of government operations around the world
Violence in townships increased
Security forces failed to prevent terror from ANC and other groups.
Rubicon, UDF, end of Cold War.
Economic problems around the 80’s
85-86 90 firms closed down operations including kodak
Value of rand fell 35% in 85
Cost of imports from other countries rose by 60% by 86-87
Electricity prices rose 100% in 1 day in April 84
International pressure in the 80’s
Violence seen on TV across the world.
1985 Banks refuses to renew SA loans. Currency slumped as lost faith in Botha
Even Reagan and Tory government began to support disinvestment
Barclays Bank sold their SA banks
Total strategy faild
Effects of the state of emergency
By the late 1980’s government couldn’t control political developments in homelands or townships
White South Africans life was affected, but not in danger. White consumer culture and standards of living were still comfortable
Political protest widely reported in media
Afrikaners split politically
Comprehensive anti apartheid act
1986 USA
banned US trade investment, banned flights to and from America to SA.
USA Congress overrode Reagan a approach to SA of constructive engagement
Reagan tried to Veto the bill arguing it would hurt Black Africans and increase the turmoil within SA. Overriden by Congress
Reagan would be ‘judged hard by history’ - TUTU
Desmond tutu
First black person to be appointed the Anglican dean of Johannesburg in 1975.
He emerged as one of the most eloquent voices in the AA movement.
1984 Awarded a Nobel peace prize, the first SA since Luthuli.
What did De Klerk do when he came to power
Feb 1900
Opening session of parliament snnounced banning ordered on ANC, SACP, PAC and 31 others to be rescinded.
11th Feb. 1990 released Mandela from prison
Announced in first parliament
• government wishes to talk to those that speak peace
• everyone can persue politics freely
• justification for violence has always been advanced therefore no longer exists.
1990 election
September 1990
Last race based election
Although absolute majority, NP suffered electoral setback, 48% of the vote.
Conservative Party, official opposition, 39 seats 31%
Tambo after unbanning
Tambo family flew back in December 1990.
Tambo very ill and unable to address welcoming crowd
After discussion, Mandela replaced Tambo as leader
70k people welcome party
Why did De Klerk abandon apartheid
Had to do something to bring back law and order
Economy in deep trouble
Cold War ended, no communist threat.
NP losing support
Power sharing agreement might be made
