South America Flashcards

Question

Salta GI Most famous GI? Terroir? 1 producer and wine of note?

Answer 1

Notably Cafayate @ 1,700-2,000m w/ 2,638ha (75% Salta prod.) on alluvial, sandy loams. El Esteco, 1892. (Penaflor/Bemberg). Known for their ‘El Esteco Old Vines’ range notably '1945 Old Vine Torrontes from Finca Las Mercedes' in Cafayate.

Answer 2

2,500ha. pred. Torrontés Riojano, however 42% of production is the Rosado Grape Cereza for distillation into Brandy or table wine. [ST. FPB] Santa María (river): 774ha (25% Catamarca). The river ends here marking the end of Calchaqui Mountain range. Tinogasta IG Encompasses a series of North to South Fiambalá valleys within the Fiambalá Mountain range (peak of 4,920m) @ 1,480ha is around half of prod. Belén: 196ha, generally warmer Pomán: 39ha.

Answer 3

Furrow - Inca technique, channels and rivers flooded by snow melt. 'Acequias' is the Spanish name. Irrigation whether traditional or drip fed is more less essential through out the entire country.

Answer 4

Franco: Alluvial gravels, stones and sand (with clay?) - alluvial fans form the mountains is most common?

Answer 5

6,539ha. Addition of ‘Argentina’ for export. Many of the sub-IG fall within the Famatina Valleys, however Famatina IG is specific to the area northly adjacent to Chilecito IG. Chilecito IG #1 @ 5,219ha (incl. 250ha of head trained mazuelo [carignan] and cerveza) & 85% prod. Torrontes Riojano #1 @ 1,619ha Argentina’s largest Co-op La Riojana consists of more than 500 members. Founded in 1940. All certified organic & fair trade.

Answer 6

2nd largest region @ 31,960ha.Mountainous valleys and riverbeds. Desert climate. Generally warmer than Mendoza. #1 area for table grapes in ARG. Usual grape suspects but reputation for Syrah. Ullum: 543ha Zonda Valley IG: 818ha. wind dehydrates grapes for higher abv & concentration. Tulum Valley IG: Named after the river. Production area. 40,000ha (incl.table grape). City of San Juan Here. Valle del Pedernal IG: SW of Tulum GI. Mountain chain rich in calcareous marine deposits. 1,150-1,500m. 800ha. Fruit from here is twice the price of anywhere else in San Juan. Bold vibrant reds. Finca Las Moras (Farm of Mulberry’s) 1993. Daniel Pi pioneer of the region (now Bemberg). 1,100ha over various valleys in San Juan (notably Zonda, Tulum & Pedernal). Gran Syrah: Blend of Tulum, Zonda & Pedernal. French and American Oak. Pedrito: Fino sherry style from Pedro Ximenez.

Answer 7

The Mendoza traverses in somewhat of a wide ‘U’ shape coming down form the Andes passing Lujan de Cuyo, Maip’U’ and then turning northeast before Eastern Mendoza. The Tunuyan roughly take a wide upside down ‘V’ southeast through Eastern Mendoza and South West through Tunuyan & San Carlos, Uco Valley. Diamante and Atuel are the main source of irrigation for San Rafael IG & DOC and General Alvear.

Answer 8

1. Low annual rainfall (12 inches compared to Bordeaux’s 30), and the rain falls mainly in the summer and not the winter. High altitude also brings lower humidity. 2. Mendoza’s thermal amplitude promotes aromatic development (signature violet) & softened polymerized tannins. 3. Thicker grape skins contain higher quantities of pigment, tannins, and flavour compounds.

Answer 9

Northern Oasis, Primera Zone, East, Valle de Uco & South. Everything North and East of Mendoza is at lower altitudes and flatter and thus produce table wine and apricots which the region is well known for. * Malbec (36,000 ha) * Cereza * Criolla Grande * Bonarda * Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 10

Lavalle IG: Desert of Lavalle. 12,560ha covers North and east of Mendoza. Bonarda and Criolla varieties for table wine. Rarely see 'Lavalle' on a label. Las Heras IG: 1,391ha Covers North and West of Mendoza. Parral trained Criolla varieties for table wines. Most famous vineyard here is the one next to the airport when you land in Mendoza. There are some new emerging higher elevation (1,200m+) projects. Guaymallen IG:

Answer 11

62,455ha Flat alluvial plains with some terraces. Hail can be as large as golf balls. Criolla Grande is the most planted variety, although plantings are decreasing. Although the area still remains a mass-produced easy drinking style. San Martin IG: 27,000ha – 40% of region. Argentina’s Lion share of Bonarda. Rivadavia IG: 14,680ha. Also includes the sub-IG of Medrano Junin IG: 11,266ha. Argentina’s first canned wine was produced here… Santa Rosa IG: 9,021ha La Paz IG: 180ha.

Answer 12

Flat river plains, with some terraces in the south. Combination of sand, pebbles, and loam. Reds are typically less powerful than its Lujan de Cuyo counterpart. Malbec predominant followed by Cabernet Sauvignon (some being prized ungrafted) and Bonarda etc. 12 districts, some of them are GIs: Lunlunta IG: 600ha, 880-930m. Cantena Zapata’s Angelica Vineyard is here at 920m. Light gravel, loam and clay. Circa 1930’s Malbec. Las Barrancas (Hills) IG: 2,923ha. Slightly lesser-known, sandier in comparison. Cruz de Piedra: Histroic sub zone (not a GI). Bodego Argento here.

Answer 13

Bodega Caro Est 1999. First vintage 2000. Godoy Cruz IG in the Primera Zone Region CARO is the first two letters from the surnames of CAtena & ROthschild (Lafite branch). Top Wine CARO: pred. Malbec around 40% Cabernet Sauvignon 2nd wine : Petit Caro

Answer 14

Carrodilla IG: most northern IG in Lujan? low elevation. Spiritual home of ‘Virgen de la Carrodilla’ the patron saint of the vineyards. Mayor Drummond IG Luigi Bosca (from Basque Spain) here. Las Compuertas IG: Amongst the oldest. ‘floodgates’ in English. 426ha, 950-1080m. located in the foothills of the Andes in the western edge of Lujan. Location and elevation mean cooler nights and warmer days. Vineyards are planted often planted on inclined river terraces. Among the cooler sites in Lujan. Vistalba IG: 1000+m. Currently trade marked by Bodega Pulenta. Among the cooler sites in Lujan. [Alba & Agrelo] Perdriel IG; named trademarked by Bodega Norton. 900ha. 910-980m. Alluvial soils with river gravels, clay and sandy silt. Lots of old vine Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. Agrelo District IG: 5,300ha. 930-1,100m, Lots of elevation variation. Among the best terroirs for Cabernet Sauvignon as well, some vines as old as 50. Malbec here tends to be supple and balanced with sweet red and dark fruits, soft tannins and gentle long finishes.

Answer 15

Perdriel (winery). Founded by LMVH in 1992. Las Compuertas Vineyard: Vines planted in 1930’s, now 80 years old. Single vineyard & blends & 1,070m. * Terrazas dos los Andes N 10W ‘Los Cerezos’: Malbec from a particularly rocky plot planted in Las Compuertas 1929. Uco Valley * El Espinillo, Gualtallary: Malbec, younger vines at 1,650m. * Petit Manseng Single Vineyard: from Eugenio Bustos, San Carlos, Uco Valley. Partly botrytized grapes. First to plant Petit Manseng in Argentina in 1999.

Answer 16

Winery in Vistalba, Luján de Cuyo. Cheval des Andes Collaboration between LVMH’s Terrazas de los Andes and Ch. Cheval Blanc. Founded in 1999, first vintage 2001. 1 wine from 2 Vineyards: * Las Compuertas: ungrafted vines planted in 1929, 1,070m - forms the core * La Consulta, San Carlos, Uco Valley: planted 1945 Always Predominantly Malbec with Cabernet Sauvignon and Petit Verdot. % vary vintage to vintage. There have in the past been CS pred. & vintages w/ Merlot.

Answer 17

Angélica Vineyard, Lunlunta GI, Maipu GI La Pirámide Vineyard, Agrelo, Luján de Cuyo IG Adrianna Vineyard, Gualtallary, Uco Valley Alamos winery, Vista Flores GI, Tunuyan GI, Uco Valley Nicasia Vineyard, La Consulta GI-Paraje Altamira GI, Uco Valley

Answer 18

Vistalba IG (Luján de Cuyo) trade marked by Bodega Pulenta Perdriel IG (Luján de Cuyo) trademarked by Bodega Norton Achával Ferrer have ‘Altamira’ trademarked and thus Paraje Altamira GI (San Carlos, Uco Valley) was created as a legal prefix to avoid further trademark conflicts.

Answer 19

Adrianna Vineyard, Gualtallary, Uco Valley 12 ha of Ungrafted Pre-Phylloxeric Selection Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec planted in 1992 @ 1,450m. Calcareous soil with gravels. Mundus Bacillus Terrae Malbec Fortuna Terrae Malbec River Malbec White Bones Chardonnay (limestone) White Stones Chardonnay (gravel white oval stones)

Answer 20

Argentino: best rows from here + old vine 1930’s Malbec from Angelica vineyard, Lunlunta GI, Maipu GI. The label shows a timeline of Malbec. Nicolás Catena Zapata (1997): Always pred. Cabernet Sauvignon supported by CF & Malbec in alternating proportions based on the vintage. Since 2015 has exclusively been Adrianna & Nicasia Crus. Post 2015 La Pirámide Vineyard (Agrelo GI) & Angélica Vineyard (Lunlunta GI) among others have been used.

Answer 21

Susana Balbo (aka. Queen of Torrontes), Agrelo. Qualified in 1981. First independent female winery owner and first female president of wine of Argentina. Responsible for redefining Torrontes from Salta. Also S.V Malbec ‘Nosotros' & 'Nomade’ under Paraje Altamira GI.

Answer 22

Carrodilla (most N IG in Lujan? - Saint), 1974. Don Bernardo Weinert joined forces with renowned winemaking legend Rául de la Mota (worked with Emile Peynaud). ‘Single Cask Malbec’ and ’Single Cask Selection’ (Malbec, CS, Merlot) are made in enormous old French cask (6,000l+) and aged over a long period before release. Reminiscent of aged Rioja. Carrascal Malbec: Modern Malbec Estrella (1977) aged in Oak for 19 years before release. 1994 only other release.

Answer 23

Roberto de la Mota winemaker, formerly Terrazas dos las Andes and Cheval des Andes. La Primera Revancha: old vine Chenin Blanc from Agrelo GI.

Answer 24

Achával Ferrer Perdriel. Iconic. Now owned by Stolichnaya. The Fincas are single-vineyard expressions Quimera: pred. Malbec + Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot from a variety of vineyards around Mendoza.

Answer 25

1988 – as a consultant to Cantena’s Chardonnay. Started his own label 1999. Winery in Perdriel but vineyards in the Luján de Cuyo and the Valle de Uco. Cobos is top of the line, Bramare is a single vineyard range, Felino is an entry level range.

Answer 26

'Alzarine' single vineyard Malbec plamntged in 1927, Las Compuertas. Montes' (Chile) project in ARG. ‘Mai’ is from 125 year old Malbec in Vistalba.

Answer 27

Bodega Cruzat Perdriel, 2004. Sparkling wine specialist Pedro Rosell (pupil of Émile Peynaud). Methode Traditionelle from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay vineyards in Lujan de Cuyo and Vista Flores, Uco Valley. ‘Millesime’: top cuvee, single vineyard ‘Finca La Dama Blanc de Blancs’ from Vista Flores, 10 years on les. Chandon 1959, Moet & Chandon.

Answer 28

*Tupungato IG – traversed by the Anchayuyo River Tunas River *Tunuyan IG Tunuyan River *San Carlos IG

Answer 29

La Carrera El Perral GI La Arboleda - Masi Tupungato Gualtallary [GET LA LA]

Answer 30

Masi Tupungato La Arboleda, Tupungato Gi, Uco Valley, Cuyo.

Answer 31

*Alto: 1,300m, large calcium stones *Monasterio (Monestary): Even higher Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard: White Bones, White Stones, Mundus Bacillus, Fortuna Terrae (Both Malbec). El Enemigo “the enemy" / Bodega Aleanna 2009 by Adrianna Catena and Alejandro Vigil (Chief wine maker at Catena Zapata): Gran Enemigo Cabernet Franc PerSe Edy del Popolo – consults for Susana Balbo. Bemberg. Originally German: Group Peñaflor (Trapiche), El Esteco, & Finca Las Moras etc

Answer 32

San Pablo GI (1,700m): Zuccardi Fosil @ 1,400m Los Chacayes GI: Virgin land until 1996 with Bodega Piedra Negra by Francois and Jacques Lurton. Gran Lurton: Friulano/ Sauvignon Vert pred. white blend. Vista Flores GI: Cantena Zapata’s Alamos Winery. Campo de los Andes: Cuvelier los Andes (1999) Cuvelier family of Château Leoville Poyferré. Michel Rolland consults.

Answer 33

Uco Valley Paraje Altamira IG (encompasses most of La Consulta): Piedra Infinita Winery (Zuccardi) Gravascal & Supercal. La Consulta IG: Cantena Zapata’s Nicasia Vineyard Pampa El Cepillo GI (within unofficial Eugenio Bustos) - Terrazas dos Los Andes Petit Manseng vineyard planted here in 1999.

Answer 34

Eugenio Bustos within Pampa El Cepillo GI: Traditionally important. Terrazas de Los Andes partly botrytized Petit Manseng single vineyard here. Inaugural 1999 - first Petit Manseng in ARG. [Petit Manseng is within Pampa..]

Answer 35

Junín IG, Rivadavia IG San Martín IG - most Bonarda in ARG La Paz IG Santa Rosa IG

Answer 36

San Rafael IG & DOC: Notably has the country’s most Chenin Blanc (500ha) and Sauvignonasse. General Alvear IG Both are known for easy drinking Malbec's & Criolla varieties Casa Bianchi est. 1928 by Italian immigrants. San Rafael. Only producer to bottle San Rafael DOC Malbec. Enzo Bianchi’ winery (2016) in Los Chacayes, Uco Valley. Top wine 'Gran Corte': CS + Malbec blend.

Answer 37

San Rafael IG & DOC, Southern Mendoza Friulano/Tocai Friulano & Sauvignon Vert

Answer 38

Santiago del Estro (1556 first vines platned by Priest Juan Cedron) Córdoba 277ha Colon is the main region around 500m. (Historically Cordoba and Santiago del Estro were important city stops on the trade routes between the Potosi mines and the port of Buenos Aires) Achala Bodega Exotica 2009. Valle de Traslasierra, south west of Cordoba (in San Javier). Italian oenologist Alberto Antonini & Pedro Parra consulted. Syrah on limestone over ancient granite bedrock Buenos Aires 149ha

Answer 39

La Pampa 279ha Pampero wind Neuquén IG 1,764ha Important for mining shale oil and gas reservoirs. Also renowned for dinosaur fossils (Bodega Familia Schroeder & wine ‘Saurus’) Most notable rub region: San Patricio Chanar (1,592ha) Rio Negro 1,526ha Chubut 87ha Below 45th parallel South most southerly wine region in the world. Generally alluvial fans by the mountain foothills. Cool, continental. Sarmiento IG & Otronia here at 45.33

Answer 40

Trevelin GI (aka Futaleufu), Sarmiento IG (2023) which is significantly the most southern.

Answer 41

Bodega Noemía de Patagonia Mainqué, Upper Valley, Rio Negro. 2001 first vintage. Hans Vinding-Diers is the former wine maker at Bodega Chacra and cousin to Peter Sisseck from Pingus. Bodega Noemia 100% Malbec comes from the ‘Mainqué vineyard’ 1.5-hectare site that was planted in 1932/1955? J Alberto is the 2nd label. Riccitelli Winery located in Las Compuertas; However old vine Semillon (50 years) from here @ 400m. Barrel and concrete egg ferment and aging. Merlot and Malbec from here also. Bodega Miras Marcelo Miras is known for his Trousseau – it is thought that these pockets of old vine Trousseau could be among some of the oldest in the world.

Answer 42

Upper Valley, Rio Negro. 2006 first vintage. Piero Incisa della Rochetta's personal project (family who owns Sassicaia). 100% Biodynamic old vine Pinot Noir in Rio Negro, vineyards date back to 1932 (Treinta y Dos – top Pinot Noir). Wines are named for the dates of the vineyards. * ‘Barda’ is the declassified single vineyard/ regional blend. * ‘Mainqué’ Chardonnay is a collaboration with Jean-Marc Roulot. 40 y/o grafted Chardonnay onto old merlot stock in a calcareous soil vineyard.

Answer 43

Bodega Del Fin del Mundo, @ 807ha is half of Neuquens 1,764ha vineyard area

Answer 44

Otronia Sarmiento IG next to Lago Musters glacial lake – ‘Otronia’ is an old local name for the lake. Billionaire oil magnate Alejandro Bulgheroni. Alberto Antonini & Pedro Parra consult. At 45.33 latitude south it is the world’s most southern commercial winery. 50ha on clay, gravels and fragmented mother rock and sand with some limestone?. Wind breaks and netting helps protect from the racing Patagonian winds and allows them to operate organically. Chardonnay.

Answer 45

640-1070m. Godoy Cruz IG, Luján de Cuyo IG Maipú IG

Answer 46

Godoy Cruz IG Luján de Cuyo IG Maipú IG

Answer 47

circa 1548 to either a Spanish Priest from Peru in Copiapo, Northern Chile; or a Basque Coloniser neat Santiago; vines include Pais & Moscatel de Alejandira + others. The first wine was made in 1551, Copiapo. The Spanish conquest brought the proliferation of Criolla varieties.

Answer 48

Silvestre Ochagavia is an iconic figure who in the 1850’s returned from Europe with multiple European cuttings that facilitated the trend of Bordeaux chateau popular among the wealthy landowners of the time.

Answer 49

146,320ha 2006 saw the signing of a Free trade Agreement deal with China who remains Chile biggest export followed by the USA and then the UK.

Answer 50

Concha Y Toro, Santa Rita,and Vina San Pedro Tarapaca together own 10% of the country's vineyard area dominating the domestic market with 9 out of every 10 bottles sold.

Answer 51

Earthquakes are constant threat for Chile as the entire country is located on the Ring of Fire – 2010 affected Maule badly. Forrest fires are also an increasing risk; in 2017 wildfires ripped through 600,000ha of land in central valley. Around 85% of Chiles vineyards are irrigated (drip/flood) and VSP trained. Due to isolation Chile is free of Phylloxera however; Nematodes are prevalent and thus new vineyards tend to be planted on rootstock for increased resistance this additionally helps to control vigor also. Water Shortages

Answer 52

2010 Eathquake affected Maule & Curico. Fortunately it was already a late harvest and gave producers time to recover. 2017 wildfires ripped through 600,000ha of land in central valley. An increasing risk.

Answer 53

aka the Peru Current, is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows North along the Western Current of South America in the South Pacific. Respective to Chile it forces cool sea air inland through the river valleys breaks in the coastal mountain range. Areas very close to the coast also receive fog. The Humboldt Current is also largely responsible for the aridity/aridness of the Atacama Desert as the Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation. The others being the Pacific Anticyclone (South Pacific High: Atmospheric pressure) and a two-sided rain shadow from the Chilean Coastal range and the Andes. The Atacama Desert is the driest non-polar dessert in the world 32-38 degrees latitude

Answer 54

Red grapes account for over 70% of the total acreage in Chile. Cabernet Sauvignon 40,000ha Sauvignon Blanc (& Sauvignon Vert) 15,224 ha Merlot 11,366ha Chardonnay 10,920ha Carmenère (aka Grand Vidure) 10,387ha [94' twisted flower stamen] Pais 10,433ha Syrah 7,400ha Muscat of Alexandria/ Moscatel de Alejandria retains a large share of plantings, but the grape is used chiefly for distillation.

Answer 55

Grand Vidure Bought from Bordeaux in 1851 and had originally been referred to by locals as Merlot Chileno assuming it to be a local mutation of Merlot. At 10,387ha is the 5th most planted variety, In 1994 visiting ampelographer (science of identifying, naming and classifying grape varieties) Jean-Michel Boursiquot from Domaine Vassal (FR) correctly identified the thought to be extinct variety due to its rare tendency of twisted flower stamen.

Answer 56

75% rule: vintage, varietal, and denomination of origin must, if listed on the bottle, comprise a minimum 75% of the blend. Min. alcohol content of 11.5%. Many wineries observe an 85% minimum for all three categories, in order to comply with EU standards for export.

Answer 57

may append pre-existing DO's: Costa: Signifies vineyard proximity to the coast. Typically, the coolest. E.g. Casablanca Entre Cordilleras: Areas between the Coastal Range and the Andes (75% + of Acreage). Mediterranean climate. e.g. Limari? Andes: Signifies vineyard proximity to the Andes. Continental climate with mountain influence. E.g. Elqui At least 85% of the grapes must be harvested in the appropriate region. Colchagua, Aconcagua, Maule, Limari and Curico are all examples of this.

Answer 58

Atacama DO Torres: 'El Gobernador' reservado from Limari Valley. Coquimbo DO

Answer 59

Denominations of Origin Atacama Coquimbo Aconcangua Valle Central Sur Austral sub regions (17), Zones, Areas

Answer 60

Valle de Copiapó DO (294ha) Vast majority is for pisco production. Rare to see Copiapo on a label. Valle del Huasco DO (314ha) More notable in terms of wine production. Huasco Costa (Cooler) Ventisquero Tara Atacama Huasco Alta (further inland & higher)

Answer 61

Parajrete DO (1953) for sun-dried sweet wines. Alto del Carmen zone within Huasco Alta, Valle del Huasco DO, Atacama. Moscatel and/or Pais are sun dried, pressed and then aged in large oak casks, often for over a decade. Pajarete del Huasco - producer association aimed to preserve heritage. Works like a co-operative?

Answer 62

Atacama DO Coquimbo DO Muscat d' Alexandra (#1), Torontel (#2), Pedro Jimenez (#3), Moscatel Rosado & Moscatel de Austria. Torres, Limari Valley 'el Gobernador' Reservado (40%abv) from Muscado Rosado & Muscado de Alejandria

Answer 63

70% Criolla and Muscat grapes for Pisco, but wine quality is improving Valle del Elqui DO (1,534ha) Vina Falernia 'Titon' single vineyard Syrah (higher m.a.s.l.) Valle del Limarí DO (8,282ha) CH, SB, PN. Talinay (most limestone), Tabali, Quebrada Seca (largest. Ntbc w/ Quebrada de Humahuaca GI, Juyjuy, ARG). More inland 3 zones for Pisco. Tabali & Concha Y Torro ‘Amelia’ range Valle del Choapa DO (1,895ha) De Martino have Syrah vineyards here in the main zone Salamanca (1,681ha) [Easy Little Coquimbo/Choapa]

Answer 64

Viña Tabalí Tabli, Valle del Limarí DO Bottlings from Tabali & Talinay (most limestone) Concha Y Torro ‘Amelia’ Quebrada Seca (ravine)

Answer 65

“Guardian of Stone”. Takes its name from the Aconcagua River, rather than the nearby Argentinean peak—the highest mountain in the Americas. Anconcagua Valley DO Casablanca Valley DO San Antonio Valley DO

Answer 66

Aoncangua Costa DO (354ha) most notable sub región is Quillota @ 306ha. San Felipe (673ha, Entre Cordilleras) Mainly alluvial soils. One of Chiles hotter regions. Includes Panquehue DO which is more moderate. Hijuelas (255ha) Entre Cordilleras Los Andes (143ha, Andes) is slightly further east and south with greater mountain influence with most vineyards over 800m, and some reaching 1,000m. Viña Arboleda (1999) - Errazuriz 'Grove'. Single vineyard Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah, CS, Carmenère, and Bordeaux blends from notably Quillota & Hijuelas.

Answer 67

San Felipe (673ha), Valle del Aconcagua DO, Anconcagua DO.

Answer 68

Don Maximiano Founders Reserve (1983): Cabernet Sauvignon predominant with varying: Carmenère, Malbec, Cabernet Franc, Syrah, Petit Verdot. 3 separate blocks bottled under Aconcagua Valley. 2nd wine: Villa Don Maximiano Seña (1995): Spanish for distinguishing mark or personal signature. Bought back shares after Robert Mondavi he passed. 1995 inaugural vintage. Originally a regional blend but is now 100% estate from a 42ha hillside vineyard on volcanic and colluvial soils, Aconcagua. Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot (excl from ’17), Carmenère, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot and Malbec in varying percentages. 2nd wine: Rocas de Seña (2020) 2nd wine of sorts. Malbec & Syrah pred. Viñedo Chadwick (1999): a 15-hectare vineyard, Puente Alto DO 'Andes'. 90-100% Cabernet Sauvignon supported by small % of Carmenère – and formerly Cabernet Franc & Merlot in the past. Kai: 100% Carmenère? Aconcagua.

Answer 69

'Las Pizarras’ (2013) A metamorphic slate rock in this vineyard from which they produce: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Syrah all under the ‘Las Pizarras’ name.

Answer 70

Costa. The valley runs East to West and creates a cooling wind tunnel for sea breezes. Can harvest up to a month later than central valley. Morning fogs from the Humboldt which incur frost threats in Spring. Soils in the Alto (high) are sandy with increasing granitic and clay content closer to the Bajo (low) region in the coast. Valparaíso and Viña del Mar are the main citys/towns. Emerging and exciting area for fresh, crisp and fruity Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay. Emiliana Organic Vineyards Based here but 1,200 ha all over Chile (Colchagua & Maipo also), Majority organic and bio dynamic. World’s largest organic winery. Novas line SB & CH from here.

Answer 71

Costa. Southly adjacent to Casablanca; also Cooled by coastal breezes. Gentle rolling hills. Soils similar to Bajo Casablanca: clay and granitic soils. SB of note (esp. Leyda Valley), Chardonnay along with some Sparkling wine. Promising Pinot Noir. Valle de Leyda DO Lo Abarca DO Vina Casa Marin Lo Abarca. Maria Luz Marin owner and initial wine maker. Pioneer of cool climate Chilean wines.

Answer 72

Maipo DO 32,000ha. Puente Alto DO (High bridge) ‘Andes’ DO @ 700m Paine & Buin 'Andes' (largest) Isla de Maipo ‘Entre Cordilleras’ (not an island but named after the river running around it)

Answer 73

Concha y Toro (“Concha e Toro”) & 21,500ha 1883, Maipo by Don Melchor de Santiago Concha y Toro with vines bought from Bordeaux. Now has vineyards all through Central Valley. * ‘The Don Melchor’ (1987) Cabernet Sauvignon sourced from a stony, mineral-rich vineyard on river terraces in Puente Alto DO ‘Andes’. * 2nd wine: Villa Don Maximiano. * 'Carmín de Peumo’ Peumo DO, Cachapoal DO pred. Carmenere w/ CS & CF from Maipo DO. * ‘Gravas del Maipo’ Top Syrah from Buin DO ‘Andes’, Maipo Valley * Amelia range from Valle del Limarí DO.

Answer 74

Both Puente Alto Do 'Andes', Maipu Project of Viña Errázuriz. 1999 first vintage. 90-100% Cabernet Sauvignon supported by small % of Carmenère – and formerly Cabernet Franc & Merlot in the past. Baron Philippe de Rothschild (Mouton) x Concha y Toro. 1996. Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenère, CF & Petit Verdot. . First Non-Bordeaux & Non-French wine to feature on ‘La Place’ with their inaugural 1996 release in 1998. EPU (2019) Younger vines of the same vineyard – tends to be higher in Cabernet and lower in Carmenère than Almaviva.

Answer 75

Santa Rita 1880, Buin (largest), Maipo. Although dates back much further, was once a refuge for 120 independence fights; hence its entry level range is called ‘120’. Make wine from holdings all over Chile; one of Chiles 3 largest wineries. Floresta line is its premium range. Casa Real (1989): Top Bordeaux blend. 100% CS from a high elevation site planted in the 1970's in Maipo Valley.

Answer 76

Valle del Cachapoal DO 12,314ha (4th) Rancagua, the regions is capital is famous for rodeo – Chile’s national sport. 'Entre Cordilleras' Puemo DO is renowned for its Carmenère from silty, clay soil. 'Entre Cordilleras'. Requínoa DO is the largest in region in Cachapoal and has a mix of ’Entre Cordilleras’ and ‘Andes’ vineyards. [3 R's for Rodeo; Poal for Puemo]

Answer 77

Vina San Pedro Tarapaca Fine wine ranges are both based in Requínoa DO, Valle del Cachapoal DO. * Altaïr: pred. CS w/Syrah, Cabernet Franc, Carmenère (Altaïr is one of the brightest stars in the sky) * Cabo de Hornos: 100% Cabernet Sauvignon from Volcanic soils. * Sideral: pred. CS w/Syrah, Cabernet Franc, Carmenère. Latin for ‘constellation’.

Answer 78

San Vincente (not a DO), Cachapoal Valley, Rapel, Central Valley. Norwegian Vik family. * Vik: CS & CF * Milla Cala: CS, Carmenère, CF, Syrah & Merlot * La Piu Belle: CS, Carmenère & Syrah

Answer 79

Carmin de Puemo. 90+% Carmenère, supported by CF and CS, from vines planted in 1983. Puemo, Cachapoal Valley, Rapel, Central Valley.

Answer 80

Tabali Tatie Brut, DO Valle de Limarí. with Thienot Traditional Method CH & PN from the Tabli vineyard. Do a rose also.

Answer 81

Costa: Lolol - Hacienda Araucano here. Entre Cordilleras: * Santa Cruz & within is Apalta DO - a horseshoe shaped valley. Viña Montes here. * Marchigüe: “Mar-chi-way” 2nd largest @ 4,480ha. * Peralillo DO: Largest @ 5,620ha. Andes: * San Fernando & within is Los Lingues DO

Answer 82

The horseshoe shaped valley of Apalta DO is within Santa Cruz (both Entre Cordilleras) which in-turn is within Valle del Colchagua DO ((32,767 ha), Rapel DO, Central Valley.

Answer 83

Los Vascos, 1988 Peralillo DO 'Entre Cordilleras', Colchagua. * Le Dix: pred. CS w/ Syrah from 70+ y/o vines Bodega Caro is their ARG co-lab (Godoy Cruz, Primera Zona).

Answer 84

Casa Lapostolle Apalta (Santa Cruz DO), Valle del Colchagua, Rapel. Founded by Marnier Lapostolle fmaily in 1994. * Clos Apalta (1997) predom. Carmenère w/ CS, Merlot & Petit Verdot. * Le Petit Clos * La Parcelle 8 Veilles Vignes Apalta DO : 100% Cabernet Sauvignon from 100 year ungrafted vines. * Cuvee Alexandre range (Carmenere, Pinot Noir, Syrah etc).

Answer 85

Santa Cruz DO, Valle del Colchagua, Rapel Valley.

Answer 86

1987. Santa Cruz, Colchagua, Rapel. Feng Shui designed winery. * Taita: pred. Cabernet Sauvignon from Marchigue, Colchagua Valley. * Montes Muse: 100% Cabernet Sauvignon Maipo DO. * Montes Alpha M: pred. Cabernet Sauvignon from Apalta DO. * Montes Folly: 100% Syrah from Apalta DO. * Purple Angel: pred. Carmenère w/ Petit Verdot from central valley.

Answer 87

Concha y Toro Winery subsidiary created in 1993. 3rd largest exporter of bottled wine in Chile. Chimbarongo (Andes), Valle del Colchagua DO.Vineyards/wineries in many major wine regions of Chile (Limari, Casablanca, Bio Bio etc). * 20 barrels range is more premium * Ocio: Premium Pinot Noir from Casablanca * Silencio: premium CS from Maipo Valley

Answer 88

Hacienda Araucano, had been making wine here prior but bought 200ha in 2000. Demeter certified. 28ha in Lolol DO, Colchagua. One of the few producers to bottle with it on the label. * ‘Clos de Lolol’: Carmenère pred. blend.

Answer 89

Hacienda Araucano, 28ha in Lolol DO, Colchagua. François & Jacque Lurton.

Answer 90

North: Valle del Lontué DO Licantén (Costa) @ 118ha 1 producer 'Vina La Ronciere' South: Valle del Teno DO Molina @ 4,891ha (Andes) Sagrada Familia @ 3,420ha (Entre Cordilleras)

Answer 91

Miguel Torres Chile, Curicó, 1979. Spain’s largest family-owned producer. Credited with the development of the area and responsible for modernizing wine being the first to introduce temperature controlled stainless steel vats & pneumatic presses and among the first to import French and American Oak barrels. * Manso de Velasco vineyard in Curicó has 118 year old Cabernet Sauvignon vines.

Answer 92

Valdivieso Lontue, Curico, Central Valley, Chile. 1879 as Champagne Valdivieso the first sparkling wine house in South America. * 'Caballo Loco ‘Crazy horse’ Grand Cru range a MV site blend. Uses a 50% base vintage blend. Generally, Cabernet Sauvignon + Carmenère.

Answer 93

Viña La Ronciere Idahue esate is a 118ha monopole in Licantén ‘Costa’, Valle del Lontué DO, Curico Valley Central Valley. Most westerly area in the DO only 24km from the coast but influence is modest. 118ha. CS, CF, Merlot, Malbec, Carmenère, Shiraz. ‘Selva Oscura’ is their Malleco DO label for still & sparkling Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.

Answer 94

‘Dry-farmed inland area’. Doesn’t refer to the region but rather was created as a special designation for dry farmed Pais or Cinsault. It was originally established to segregate these ‘inferior’ wines from the region’s ‘quality’ international varieties but has since come into its own. Includes Maule, Itata and Bio Bio. A commune name may also be following the DO. For Bureaucratic reasons this DO has nmot yet been recognized by the EU.

Answer 95

Asoleado DO (1953 after Pajarete DO) - via dehydration Production area is that of the Secano Interoir (Maule, Itata and Bio Bio). Traditionally produced from Pais, Moscatel, Cristal, and Torontel (Can be any of the 3 ‘Torrontes’?).

Answer 96

A traditional sun-dried wine made by Priests for mass 400 years ago. Pintatani are often sweet (but can be dry) wines made from sun-dried Pais grapes and foot pressed. Typically northern Chile (Atacama) but Peru also.

Answer 97

Named after the Maule River – one of Chiles most important and historically significant. Both the Claro and Loncomilla are notable tributary rivers. Largest in terms of size? (if Rapel is split into 2?) Typically granite and clay Valle del Claro DO Valle del Loncomilla DO Valle del Tutuvén DO

Answer 98

Vigno/Vignadores (“Veen-nio) Established in 2010. Short for Vignadores del Carignan/ Vignerons of Carignan. * Minimum 70% Carignan blend (permitting field blends). * Minimum 30-year-old dry farmed vines in the Valle de Maule DO – notably the arid area of Secano. * Aged for a min. 2 years before release. * ‘VIGNO’ lettering should take precedence over the rest of the label.

Answer 99

‘Dry-farmed inland area’. Doesn’t refer to the region but rather was created as a special designation for dry farmed Pais or Cinsault. It was originally established to segregate these ‘inferior’ wines from the region’s ‘quality’ international varieties but has since come into its own. Includes Maule, Itata and Bio Bio. A commune name may also be following the DO. For Bureaucratic reasons this DO has nmot yet been recognized by the EU.

Answer 100

Maule Valley DO

Answer 101

J/Bouchon 4 generation French settlers from St. Emilion. While they produce Bordeaux & Mediterranean varieties part of their focus is on old vines and dry-farming (from the secano interoir regions) and are advocates and pioneers of old vine Carignan via VIGNO Miguel Torres Chile Bottles a VIGNO Carignan under ‘Cordillera des los Andes’ Range from 80-year-old vines in the Valle del Maule DO. Also Bottle a cava style sparkling Pais.

Answer 102

Entre Cordilleras sub region of ‘Quillón’, Itata DO, Sur DO 200ha of Corinto planted.

Answer 103

The Nuble & Itata rivers traverse the isolated granite mountains and alluvial hillsides of the Itata DO with its Semi-arid continental climate. The Bio Bio Rio (river) traverses Bio Bio.

Answer 104

Valle del Itata DO (Nuble & Itata) Valle del Bío-Bío DO (Bio Bio River) Valle del Malleco DO

Answer 105

Pedro Parra ‘Imaginador` Itata Valley Cinsault

Answer 106

Cono Sur Riesling from Bio Bio (Concha y Toro Winery)

Answer 107

Aristos Quillón (no vines here), Itata DO, Sur. François Massoc, founder and technical director is an oenologist from the University of Burgundy. Co-partner in Clos des Fous with Pedro Parra and Louis-Michel Liger-Belair of Vosne Romanee. * Baronesa d’A: Chardonnay from Limari Valley. Baroness of A(ristos) * Duquesa d’A : Chardonnay from Cachapoal. Duchess of A(ristos) etc * Duque d’A: 100% CS from Cachapoal * Barón d’A: pred. CS w/ Merlot, Malbec and Pais from Cachapoal

Answer 108

Viña Aquitania Traiguén, Malleco. Pioneer of the region planting 5ha of Chardonnay in 1993. Bruno Prats (formerly COS) & Paul Pontallier (former director from Ch.Margaux) Top Malleco range ‘Sol de Sol’: Chardonnay, SB, Brut Nature (CH,PN).

Answer 109

Traiguén (Entre Cordilleras). Red volcanic soils. Pinot Noir & Chardonnay Viña Aquitania Traiguén, Malleco. Pioneer of the region planting 5ha of Chardonnay in 1993. Bruno Prats (formerly COS) & Paul Pontallier (former director from Ch.Margaux) * Top Malleco range ‘Sol de Sol’: Chardonnay, SB, Brut Nature (CH,PN). also does Cabernet Sauvignon from Maipo. William Fevre Chile Fundo San Luis de Pirque, Maipo. Produces both here and in Maipo (CH & Bordeaux varieties various ranges) * Little Quino: SB & PN from Malleco

Answer 110

Valle del Cautin DO (15ha). Austral geoplolitically but actually closer to Malleco Osorno Valley DO (notably: Los Rios & Los Lagos) @ 40° 58' S - Bueno valley here Commonly plated on hillsides to minimise frost risk. Volcanic soils are common as are river terraces with gravel. Pinot Noir, Sb, Chardonnay. Coteaux de Trumao Bueno Valley, Osorno Valley DO. 2 French brothers are the Pioneering producers being the first to plant here in the 2000’s. Natural wine advocates. ‘Cruchon’ is their juicy, crunchy Pinot Noir. Ribera Pellín Pioneer also, planting in Beuno Valley in the 2000’s. 4ha of sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Makes Bubbles also.

Answer 111

Bueno valley in Osorno Valley DO (40° 58' S) within Austral DO. Coteaux de Trumao & Ribera Pellín are pioneers here. CH, PN etc.

Answer 112

Sun dried grapes called asoleado wines amongst them (Historically was very popular). Pajarete sweet wines A native beech wood was traditionally used to make vats? Clay Amphoras Is the ‘peasant’ style of Chilean wine, made mainly in the South where traditional methods of viticulture and wine making for personal consumption remain. The essence of Pipeño is natural, rustic, simple and easy to drink

Answer 113

Rapa Nui DO, Pacific Ocean The indigenous name of the island and its people. Interestingly 3,686km off the coast on the sub-tropical volcanic Easter Island (Chile) 200-year-old thought to be Pais vines have been uncovered. A project is currently underway headed by winemaker Fernando Almeda. Chiloé DO An Island archipelago on the Pacific coast 600 miles south of Santiago. Montes has a new project here on a small island on the eastern side of the archipelago with a 2ha vineyard planted 50m from the sea @ 42° 6' S making in the most Southern DO in Chile.

Answer 114

1532 Portuguese explorer Martin Afonso de Sousa in Sao Vincente Rio Grande do Sul is responsible for 85% of the country's production. In the absolute south on the Argentinean & Uruguayan border. Serra Gaúcha 33,938ha Sub-tropical moderated by elevation (300-850m) - Winkler III. Volcanic hills of iron rich clay over basalt bedrocks. Vineyards are mainly planted on slope. High trellis systems are common (high humidity causes constant disease pressure) and green cover crops are used to create water competition for the vines. The cooling 'Pampero' winds from the Argentinian plains are much needed in the humid temperate climate.

Answer 115

Isabella (v.lambrusca x vv?) is the most planted variety. Red American hybrid . Bordô (R) Niagara (W) are the other American hybrid varieties that account for ¾’s of Brazil’s vineyards.

Answer 116

Vitis Vinifera: * Cabernet Sauvignon * Chardonnay * Merlot * Moscato Branco (BaPG): sweet sparkling wines. * Pinot Noir * Tannat

Answer 117

Permitted for sparkling wines and is commonly used as a neutral acidic base wine. Graševina (Coratia), Welschriesling (Austria, Germany, Canada & Switzerland), Rizling Vlašský (Moravia), Olaszrizling (Hungary)

Answer 118

Vale do São Francisco “Valley of Saint Francis” A semi-arid, tropical winegrowing region in the northern part of the country. 9°S latitude 500ha are Vitis Vinifera. Another 9,000ha for table grapes (90% of country’s production).

Answer 119

Vale dos Vinhedos DO, 2002 (1,840ha) Sub-region within Serra Gaúcha. Best sites are at elevations over 700 meters. Styles: Fine Sparkling: Chardonnay and Pinot Noir White: Min 60% Chardonnay w/ Riesling Italico Red: Min 60% Merlot w/ Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Tannat grapes

Answer 120

Altos de Pinto Bandeira DO, 2022 Located in the southern part Serra Gaúcha was approved in 2022. 6,500ha over 3 municipalities on the left bank of the Vale do Rio das Antas: Pinto Bandeira is responsible for 76.6% of plantings. Must be produced and aged within the DO. Espumante Natural (Branco, Rosado) from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir with max 25% of Riesling Italico. Winemaking Requirements: * Whole cluster pressing * Must be produced via the traditional method * 12 months on the lees * From Brut Nature to Demi-Sec Mandated training systems: Espalier or Ýpsilon Additional Designations: * Reserva: 24 months on lees * Gran Reserva: 36 months on lees * Milléseme: Vintage requirements (85%) plus Reserva or Gran Reserva aging Altitude Requirement of 520 to 770m. Packaging Requirements of glass bottles of 375ml, 750ml, 1500ml, 3000ml Maximum Yield: 12 t/ha

Answer 121

Familia Geisse Pinto Bandeira. Mario Geisse moved to Brazil in 1976 to work for Moët & Chandon’s Chandon Brazil operation. He then founded his own winery in in 1979. The main advocate of the Altos de Pinto Bandeira DO. Cave Geisse 'Terroir Nature NV' no dosage, CH + PN blend, 4 years on lees.

Answer 122

Moscatel de Alejandria remains the most planted variety today – about 1/3rd (primarily for Singani DO production). 2 major wine styles: natural & unfiltered typically with a week of skin contact; and filtered commercial styles. Oak is rarely used in either, 12-13% abv. Negra Criolla (Listan Prieto? Or Negramoll?): Cheap table wines or aguardiente. Some artisanal wines from old vines in Cinti. 2nd Criolla in plantings (overall?) Vischoqueña: Indigenous thought to be a cross between MOA x Negra Criolla. Red variety used to make aromatic still and sparkling wines. Red fruited and floral with fresh acidity. Best examples also in Cinti.

Answer 123

Cinti (Valley) DO, 2018 (350ha) Historically use to provide a lot of wine for the Potosi Miners. A steep, narrow canyon 5km wide, and 80km long. Iron-rich red soils on the western side and lighter calcareous, sandy clay soils on the east. Semi-arid continental moderated by altitude (2,200-2,500m). Only the 3 main Criolla varieties are permitted for DO production: Moscatel de Alejandria, Negra Criolla & Vischoqueña. 100–200-year-old Moscatel del Alejandra that will yield around a 1/3rd less than a young vie. Traditionally trellising is trained to trees; these can exhibit spicy, peppery notes from the molle/ chañar influence (pink peppercorn tree). Interestingly pink peppercorns are from a different family, from a shrub that is part of the cashew family. Modern are head trained or VSP, although these are not vineyards that are easily mechanized.

Answer 124

Tarija DO “Ta-ree-ah” 3,300ha Alluvial plain and ancient lake basin: sand, gravel, and silt. Sem-arid and continental moderated by altitude (1,600m-2,150m). Plantings dominated by Moscatel del Alejandra (for Singani) and then Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Sauvignon Blanc. VSP is most common, but some traditional tree trained vines remain (some circa 150 y/o). 90% flood irrigation. Bolivia’s 5 biggest largescale wineries are based here; together they are responsible for 95% of the countries production. The rest are small scale , artisanal.

Answer 125

Aranjurz Santa Ana, Tarija, 1976. Castellano family first to introduce Tannat in 1999. One of the leading exporters of wines. Known for their rich Tannat. Bodegas Kuhlmann First to plant Marselan in 2006. Both in Tarija “Ta-ree-ah”

Answer 126

Ica (Valley) - 5,500ha Tacama based here. Est 1540 it is the oldest winery in South America. [First vines in South America were planted in 1932 in Sao Vincente Brazil but died] Pisco varieties but also the country’s most significant volumes of international varieties. Peruvian Wine production dates back to 1539 in Lima. Historically Peru was the Spanish capital in the Americas based around there huge mining operations here. Criolla varieties - international didn't arrive until the 19th century.

Answer 127

Vino de calidad preferente (VCP) A "quality wine" category. Wines must be made from Vitis vinifera varieties and are required to be sold in glass bottles of 75 cl or smaller. Vino común (VC) A "table wine" category. VC wines are often sold in demijohns and tetra paks, and much of it is rosé. 1st: Tannat 2nd: Moscatel del Hamburg / Black Muscat 1,107ha: Commonly used to produce cheap rose wines (commonly sweetened) sold in damajuana.

Answer 128

Basque Immigration in the 1870’s bought varieties such as Tannat, known originally here as Harriague “Ha-re-ah-gay”. The original Harriague vines eventually succumbed to virus and new vines were sourced from France and called Tannat to distinguish between the 2. Mid ripening & rather vigorous. Big bunches with small-medium sized berries. Thick skins resistant to heat and humidity. Interestingly Tannat has 5 seeds while other varieties commonly have 2 or 3. As seeds have the strongest tannins the traditional long maceration times result in robust, deeply colored wines (almost black). Tannat here is much plumper and velvety than in its home of Madiran in Southwest of France. Tannat is so high in tannins and resveratrol health food company use Tannat seeds for medicinal supplements.

Answer 129

90% of production is in the southern coastal departments of San Jose, Canelones #1 @ 4,672ha (63%) Montevideo (Capital, #2 @ 30%) Moldonado (East Coast). Soils are generally loamy with various configurations of clay and limestone. Mostly a humid maritime climate. Antarctic currents from the South Atlantic cool the region for a breezy, cool slow and gradual ripening season. Most vines are VSP trained of the ground to reduce the impact of ground humidity. 25% Lyre. All vines are grafted, mainly SO4 (60%). Irrigation is rarely needed. Bird population is enormous. Nets, lasers and sound boxes are common deterrents.

Answer 130

4,672ha Some of the more renowned sub-regions: * Las Piedras: Traditional center * Las Violetas: higher, cooler hills with more volcanic influence. known for age worthy Tannat. * Progreso: Higher subregion with drying breezes. Rolling Hills.

Answer 131

Bodega Bouza Montevideo. Significant holdings in Las Violetas. Responsible for introducing Albariño to Uruguay in 2001 – adapts well to the humid & damp climate and is notably resistant to fungal diseases. * Tannat B6 Parcela Única: Single plot from Las Violetas. French Oak.

Answer 132

Viña Progreso Progreso, Canelones. Gabriel Pisano’s “Experimental Winery” where he makes wines in a more modern expression – more of a brand as he uses same facilities. Family winery is renowned ‘Pisano Family Vineyards’. * Known for Sparkling Tannat * Iconic Wine ‘Sueños de Elisa – Elisa Dream’: open barrel native fermented Tannat.

South America Flashcards

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