General Knowledge Flashcards

Question

Oxygen Transfer Rates among American and European Oak? Tree yields?

Answer 1

American Oak has a higher OTR mainly due to the fact that it is cut. Because it may be sawn it is at least twice as economical. Since French oak must be split (otherwise it leaks), only 20 to 25% of the tree can be utilized. Traditionally American oak is left outside to dry (18-36m); and not kiln dried like traditional French would be.

Answer 2

Vosges [NE] Character varies on altitude but generally tight grained. Bertranges [North-East Central, Running West alongside Burgundy] Nevers [North-Central, West of Dijon] Allier [Central France] Tronçais tron-say [Central France, North of Moulins and Saint-Pourçain (Auvergne)] Is the most famous subsection of the greater Allier forest. Has the finest grain and the most closely packed annual growth rings. Tends to fetch the highest prices/ be the most expensive. Popular for Wine and Brandy. Limousin [Central Southwestern France – North & West of Limoges] Wide grains and are more tannic than the tight grained woods and are more popular for Brandy. Almost all were planted in Napoleonic times. In some forests Robur and Petraea grow together but are not systematically differentiated as far as timber quality is concerned; although the trees are fairly easy to tell apart.

Answer 3

Otronia, Sarmiento IG, Chubut @ 45.33° latitude south. Lago Musters glacial lake – ‘Otronia’ is an old local name for the lake. Alberto Antonini & Pedro Parra consult. 50ha on clay, gravels and fragmented mother rock and sand with some limestone?. Wind breaks and netting helps protect from the racing Patagonian winds and allows them to operate organically. Chardonnay. Formerly was Sam Neill's Two Paddocks Vineyard in Central Otago, New Zealand at 45.22° South Emphasis on 'commercial'. There are research stations in Chile at Chile Chico at 46° 33′.

Answer 4

Bremmer ‘Calmont’ in the village of Bremm (Burg Cochem/Lower Mosel) is the steepest vineyard in Europe – if not the world @ 65°-70° incline. Worked by hand on rail chairs. Shale, silt, limestone, quartzite and sandstone. Walter J Oster is a producer.

Answer 5

Visperterminen in Visp, Central Valais @1,150m SW exposure. The flagship grape here is "Heida Visperterminen" a local synonym for Savagnin, which can also go by the name Païen. Mount Teide “tay-dee”, Tenerife (3,718m # 1 in Spain) Bodega Piedra Fluida's 'Los Frontones vineyard' (the pediments) is at 1,687m in Granadilla de Abona - south side of Mt. Teide. However Listan Blanco isnt permitted under Abona DO and this is declassified to Canary Is DO.

Answer 6

*Kyoho: 365,000ha Black table grape. v.vinifera × v. labrusca. 90% of these plantings are in China. *Cabernet Sauvignon 341,000ha *Sultanina/ Sultana/ Thomson Seedless/ Izmir (Turkey): 273,000ha white table grape. 3 way grape (table, rasin & wine) but best known for raisin production. *Merlot *Tempranillo *Airen (w) 252,000? Is planted at lower densities and almost exclusively in Spain and notably in La Mancha.

Answer 7

Vineyard Surface Area in ha. * Spain 955,000 (13.1% of World) * France 812,000 (11.2%) * China 785,000 * Italy 218,000 * Turkey 410,000

Answer 8

Wine Production by Volume (excl juices & musts) * Italy 49.8 (19.3%) * France 45.6 (17.7%) * Spain 35.7 * USA 22.4 * Australia 12.7

Answer 9

Japanese Scientist Dr. Kikunae Ikeda in 1907

Answer 10

aka. 'Natural Farming' Masanobu Fukuoka (Japan) is equal part natural farmer and philosopher; accredited with being one of the pioneers of ‘ with books such as ‘The One Straw Revolution’ (1975) based on approaches he undertook in farming during the 30’s.

Answer 11

1910, 1915, 1930, 1951, 1952, 1964, 1972, 1974, 1992 and 2012.

Answer 12

Château Gilette, Preignac. Famous for its super long aged Sauternes. Indigenous ferment then aged in concrete vat (20-40hl) with no racking, no topping up, no added sulphur, no lees stirring for up to 20 years. No Oak. This style begun with the 1937 vintage (inaugural Crème De Tête) when Rene went off to fight in WW2 and came back 9 years later to discover the wine hadn’t been moved into barrel or bottle. More declassified vintages than d'Yquem. Since 1967 their entire 4.5ha clos with its sand over limestone soils have been used entirely for the Crème De Tête. Only replace individual vines when they die; some vines date back to the 1930’s. 90% Semillon, 8% Sauvignon Blanc and 2% Muscadelle Holdings include some of Bordeaux’s oldest Muscadelle vines.

Answer 13

White hybrid cross between Ugni Blanc/Trebbiano Toscano x Rayon D'Or (winter hardiness without foxy taste) Jean Louis Vidal, Charente region for Cognac in the 1930's.

Answer 14

[Taille] Chablis (Chardonnay), Cordon de Royat, Vallée de la Marne (allowed for Meunier only), Guyot (simple or double).

Answer 15

Maribor (village), Podravje, Slovenia. In the city center on the 'Old Vine House' grows an 450+ year old Žametovka vine Recognized by the Guinness Book of records as the oldest vine in the world, which still bears fruit annually. Planted by the end of the Middle Ages, when Maribor was sieged by the Turks.

Answer 16

Piquepoul (Gascogne & Languedoc [Picpoul de Pinet AOC]) Gros Plant (Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOP, Loire)

Answer 17

French: 'to dye or stain' The grape pulp also contains anthocyanins and thus have a red pulp pigmentation as well as the skin. Saperavi Colorino Alicante Bouschet/ Garnacha Tintorera [Castilla La Mancha], Chambourcin

Answer 18

Montage de Reims *Verzy Cotes de Blancs *Chouilly (fmr. GC for White only) *Oiry *Oger *Les Mesnil-Sur-Oger

Answer 19

Tours-sur-Marne (fmr. GC for Red Only) formerly Vallee de la Marne now Montage de Reims.

Answer 20

Tauxières-Mutry 1er (99%) just west of Bouzy, MdR. 'taux-e-air moo-tre' Mareuil-sur-Ay 1er (99%) that includes Clos Saint-Hilaire & Clos de Goisses, VdM.

Answer 21

In the Southeast of Montage de Reims there is an area of four 1er cru Chardonnay dominated villages due to a chalk outcrop, sometimes called the ‘perle blanche’ / ‘white pearl’. However there is some Pinot Noir planted. Villers-Marmery Notably east facing. Deeper clay tosoils. Rounder & richer with a characteristic waxiness. Arnaud Margaine top producer. Trépail “Trep-pay” The most well-known, David Léclapart is here. Notably east facing. Thinner topsoils. Traditionally among the last crus to harvest. Mouthwatering grapefruit acidity.

Answer 22

Bordeaux, Cognac & Dordogne Gironde, Departments: Charente-Maritime, Charente, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne (partial)

Answer 23

Comté Tolosan IGP Departments: Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers, Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, Ariège, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Aveyron, Cantal

Answer 24

Northern Rhône & Savoie Departments: Loire, Rhône, Ain, Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Isère, Ardèche, Drôme

Answer 25

Rhône Valley, Provence, & Corsica Departments: Ardèche, Drôme, Haute-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, Var, Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhône, Corse-du-Sud, Haut-Corse

Answer 26

Pays d'Oc IGP Terres du Midi IGP (2018 incl more grape varieties' the Pays d'Oc IGP). Department: Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Hérault, Gard, Lozère

Answer 27

Val de Loire IGP

Answer 28

Isère IGP The Isère River traverses the region; an important left-bank tributary of the Rhône, the Isère merges with it a few kilometres north of Valence (starts in the Graian Alps, Italy). The Savoie is where the Rhone travelling South from the Lac Leman, takes a ‘V’ turn and heads North-West before turning West to Lyon.

Answer 29

Old French Vines Refers to the ancient training method EN FOULE/layering and not the age of the un-grafted pre phylloxera vines which produces a super-rich vinous wine. 100% Pinot Noir from 2 vineyards Clos St Jaques & Clos Chaudes Terres (Both in Ay). A 3rd plot Croix Rouge succumbed to phylloxera and was uprooted in 2004 2005 was the only Brut Nature 2,500-3,000 bottles a year. 1969 (released in 1974).

Answer 30

Vitis labrusca/ the fox grape's are native to eastern North America . "slip-skin" that allows the skin of the grape berries to easily slip off when squeezed, instead of crushing the pulp Catawba (w with pink skin) sweet-spk white-pink Concord (r) Delaware (w with pink-red skin) Isabella (r) Niagara (w)

Answer 31

Aeolian (windborne) sediment, defined as an accumulation of 20% or less of clay with a balance of roughly equal parts sand and silt.

Answer 32

Wines and/or grapes are only handled by Sabbath observing Jews. All additivies: fining agents, yeasts and cleaning materials must be kosher certified. Mevushal 'flash pasteurization'. Varys as many Jews are secular with different practices. Plus kosher to drink and kosher for Passover are different as Passover forbids leavened agents and products.

Answer 33

* EC-1118 (Lalvin EC-1118): Robust, high alcohol tolerance and low foaming. Trad. Method. * Premier Cuvee /Prise de Mousse: fast-starting, clean/neutral and tolerant up to 18% abv. Also, low foaming which make it suitable for barrel fermentations. Trad. Method. * DV10: reliable under conditions of low pH, high total SO2 and low temperature. Low nitrogen req. Tank? * IOC 18-2007?: commonly used for Charmat

Answer 34

The Coriolis Effect is the apparent deflection of a moving object due to the rotation of a greater object. On Earth, the Coriolis Effect deflects ocean currents north of the equator to the right and currents south of the equator to the left NZ is greatly influenced by the Coriolis effect as it is predominantly a maritime climate and majority of viticulture is on the East coast.

Answer 35

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific - the exact cause is unknown. El Niño and La Niña are two opposing phases of the Oscillation cycle: * El Niño: Above average sea surface temperatures weakened trade winds (aka Easterlies) - are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds. * La Niña: Below average sea Surface temperatures & strengthened trade winds. North & South Americas, Australia and NZ?

Answer 36

A phenomenon that is the result of fluid surface tension caused by the evaporation of alcohol. Swirled wine creates a thin film on the surface of the glass. As the alcohol in this mixture evaporates (creating wine aromas), the leftover water-wine mix collects on the sides of the glass creating droplets that fall back into the glass. Long legs/tears = more evaporation due to a higher alcohol %

Answer 37

Wine should be stored around 11-15˚c (52-57°F) & 55-75% humidity. Wine storage temperatures should never go over 24˚c as otherwise, wines begin to oxidize. Between 18°c and 22°c. Cuban cigars are best kept between 65-75 % relative humidity.

Answer 38

Free Run - actual translate is 'drop wine'.

Answer 39

250ml or 1/3 bottle Used more often in France.

Answer 40

500ml This uncommon wine bottle size is used most often for sweet, dessert styled wines from Tokaji, Sauternes and its surrounding areas or Jerez.

Answer 41

(MJ mag-jero) 2.25 Liters or 3 bottles Port producers often refer to this unique bottle as a Tregnum or Tappit Hen bottle. [3 E's = 3 bottles]

Answer 42

3 litres or 4 bottles. The Bordelaise call it double magnum Bordeaux Jeroboam is historically 5 litres (6.66 bottles). Prior to 1978 it a Bordeaux Jeroboam was 4.5 / 4.45 litres often written as 444cl. It appears however the 5L is less common today and many producers’ default to the 3L? Mouton has more recent 5L releases (2000). Lokoya and Verite appear to consistently do 5L releases Jeroboam I was the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel

Answer 43

4.5 litres or 6 bottles Burgundy and Champagne but more often than not reserved for Champagne. Rehoboam the King of Judah, Son of King Solomon who turned away from God. Burgundian because a Bordelaise Jero was/is 5L

Answer 44

6 litres or 8 bottles (8= infininty) The Methuselah is usually reserved for Champagne or sparkling wine and comes in a sloped shoulder bottle, similar to a Burgundy bottle. In Bordeaux or for Bordeaux style wines this is referred to an “Imperial”. The oldest man to have ever lived – 969 years. A descendent of Adam and Eve and Uncle to Noah. Pre the Biblical flood people lived very long lives, Adam lived to 930.

Answer 45

9 litres or 12 bottles This was the surname of five Assyrian kings.

Answer 46

12 litres or 16 bottles Balthazar (representing Africa) was one of the three wise men who came to pay homage to the infant Jesus. A second biblical Balthazar also exists, he was the last king of Babylon (modern day Iraq).

Answer 47

15 litres or 20 bottles He was the greatest king of Babylon and ruled between 605 and 562 BC. After defeating the Egyptians, he conquered Jerusalem several times and took the Israelites captive to Babylon, which he turned into a magnificent city (Modern day Iraq).

Answer 48

18 litres or 24 bottles Often reserved for Champagne. Some texts cite a Melchior as 18l & Solomon as 20l. Solomon was one of the wise men who supposedly came from Europe. In the Old Testament, Solomon was king of Israel between 970 and 931 BC. With the gift of wisdom and knowledge of languages. His wealth, harem, and relationship with the Queen of Sheba are also legendary; although it was his lust for women (700 wives and 300 concubines) that lead him astray from God – he let his lovers of different faiths worship their own gods under his own roof

Answer 49

26.25 litres or 35 bottles The sovereign bottle was designed for the baptism of the largest cruise ship in the world, ‘Sovereign of the sea’, on 16 January 1988

Answer 50

27 litres or 36 bottles The name originates from Latin and means « first class ». Historically, Primat was the name given to a few archbishops, who would then gain some sort of superiority over all bishops and archbishops of a region. This name was used for the first time in 1999 for what was then the largest bottle ever produced. AKA as a Goliath?

Answer 51

30 litres or 40 bottles This bottle has been used since 2002 and is named after an enigmatic character of sacred history. Melchizedec blessed Abraham and has gained a similar ‘messianic’ character to that of Christ. Drappier is the only Champagne house to sell all bottle sizes: from the quarter bottle up to the Melchisedec (30l)

Answer 52

Gobelet (FR) Alberello (ITY) 'little tree in glass' En Vaso (SPN) 'in glass'

Answer 53

Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast

Answer 54

1992 European agricultural products and foodstuffs. Inspired on existing national systems, such as the French AOC & Italian DOC. PDO's are stricter requiring raw ingredients and all stages of production occurring in a specific zone. PGI's require at least one of the stages of production, processing or preparation to take place in the region and thus are more flexible while still maintaining a sense of regional character.

Answer 55

In wine the alcohol evaporates faster than the water (as it has a lower surface tension), creating a surface tension gradient. It is this gradient that causes the wine to flow up the glass and fall back down forming tears/legs (albeit with less alcohol).

Answer 56

Either side of Rare/Really/Rehoboam (4.5/ 6 bottles) Jeroboam: Traditionally a BDX Jeroboam is 5 litres. Methuselah (6l/ 8 bottles) in Bordeaux is referred to as an Imperial.

Answer 57

1662 Englishmen Christopher Merret documents the addition of sugar and molasses to wine casks to make the wine more lively. Today A mixture of yeast & 24-25g sugar (cane/beetroot) for an additional 1.2-1.3% abv at 5-6atm). So 4g sugar =1 bar of pressure.

Answer 58

Pie Franco - Spanish & Italian Franc de pied - French

Answer 59

Domaines Barons de Rothschild (Lafite) Baron de Philippe de Rothschild (Mouton)

General Knowledge Flashcards

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