Spasticity

Question 0

What is a common complication of cerebral palsy, brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis and stroke?

Answer 0

Spasticity

Question 1

What is characterized as velocity dependent hypertonia?

Answer 1

Spasticity

Question 2

Resistance of muscle to passive stretch, slight steady state partial contraction in normally innervated resting muscle, and postural tone describes what?

Answer 2

Muscle tone

Question 3

Weakness is indicative of a lesion in what type of motor neurons? (Upper or lower)

Answer 3

Upper and lower

Question 4

Atrophy is indicative of a lesion in what type of neuron? (Upper or lower)

Answer 4

Lower

Question 5

Fasciculations is indicative of a lesion in what type of neuron? (Upper or lower)

Answer 5

Lower

Question 6

Reflexes are increased in what type of motor lesion? (Upper or lower)

Answer 6

Upper

Question 7

Reflexes are decreased in what type of motor lesion? (Upper or lower)

Answer 7

Lower

Question 8

Tone is increased in what type of motor lesion? (Upper or lower)

Answer 8

Upper

Question 9

Tone is decreased in what type of motor lesion? (Upper or lower)

Answer 9

Lower

Question 10

Axon leaving CNS and innervating a skeletal muscle describes what?

Answer 10

Lower motor neuron

Question 11

Axons that do not leave the central nervous system describe what?

Answer 11

Upper motor neuron

Question 12

Hyperreflexia, clonus, babinski, dystonia/co contraction, rigidity (velocity independent hypertonia), and spasticity are characteristic of what?

Answer 12

Upper motor neuron lesions

Question 13

The reflex arc remains intact in what kind of neuronal lesion?

Answer 13

Upper motor neuron lesion

Question 14

Involuntary, repeating, rhythmic muscle contractions in response to stretch describes what?

Answer 14

Clonus

Question 15

In a normal babinski sign what direction do the toes curl?

Answer 15

Down

Question 16

What descending pathways travel from the midbrain to the cervical spinal cord?

Answer 16

Tectospinal and rubrospinal

Question 17

What descending tract facilitates elbow and forearm flexors?

Answer 17

Rubrospinal

Question 18

What descending tract can help modulate reflexes, can dampen reflex response, does postural control from the medial pons to spinal cord and facilitates flexors from lateral medulla to spinal cord?

Answer 18

Reticulospinal

Question 19

What descending tract laterally controls upper extremities by facilitation of extensors and maintenance of balance and medially controls the cervical spinal cord to orient the head?

Answer 19

Vestibulospinal

Question 20

What posturing reflex or rigidity is noted above the level of the red nucleus (mid brain)?

Answer 20

Decorticate (flexor)

Question 21

What posturing of rigidity reflex is noted below the level of the red nucleus (midbrain)?

Answer 21

Decerebate (extensor)

Question 22

What are ways to measure spasticity?

Answer 22

Ashworth scale, modified ashworth scale, tardieu scale

Question 23

The ashworth scale primarily measures an increase in what?

Answer 23

Muscle tone

Question 24

What are two medications used to treat spasticity?

Answer 24

Baclofen and Botox

Question 25

What are some treatments for spasticity?

Answer 25

Stretching ( maintain rom, doesn't reduce spasticity), casting/serial casting, e-stim ( to weak muscles), surgery (dorsal rhizotomy, tendon transfer)

Question 26

What anti spasticity medication is a GABA analog, has presynaptic inhibition of neuronal connections contributing to Hyperreflexia, and can be administered orally or intrathecally?

Answer 26

Baclofen

Question 27

What anti spasticity medication prevents release of acetylcholine from the pre synaptic terminal at the neuromuscular junction (acting on the LMN)?

Answer 27

Botox

Question 28

Imbalance of strength between agonist and antagonist is known as what?

Answer 28

Paresis (weakness)

Question 29

Soft tissue contractures ultimately cause what?

Answer 29

Limits the range of motion