special populations

Question 1

who is part of the special population

Answer 1

female athletes
senior athletes
athletes with physical and intellectual disabilities
- amputees
paralysis
cerebral palsy
multiple sclerosis

Question 2

what is the femal athlete triad

Answer 2

low energy availability/disordered eating
menstrual disturbance/ amenorrhea
bone loss/osteoporosis

Question 3

what are menstrual disturbances (5)

Answer 3

amenorrhea
oligomenorrhea
dysmenorrhea
menorrhagia
menstrual induced leg pain

Question 4

what is amenorrhea

Answer 4

loss of menstrual periods
under fueling the body can lead to lowered estrogen production
low body fat/ weight loss, excessive exercise, vegetarian, chronic disease, osteoporosis, infections, etc

Question 5

what is oligomenorrhea

Answer 5

infrequent menstrual cycles
strenuous activity and weight loss
runners

Question 6

what is dysmenorrhea

Answer 6

menstrual cramps

Question 7

what is menorrhagia

Answer 7

menstrual bleeding lasting more than 7 days

heavy menstrual flow

Question 8

what is menstrual induced leg pain

Answer 8

associated with ovulating

pre menstrual fluid retention

Question 9

what is endometriosis

Answer 9

presence of uterine endometrial tissue outside of normal location
severe pelvic pain, pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility (10%)

Question 10

what are ovarian cysts

Answer 10

benign cysts around the ovary stem
at site of ruptured ovarian follicle immediately after ovulation
pelvic pain, low back pain, acute spastic abdominal pain

Question 11

what is a disordered eating

Answer 11

subclinical level, not diagnosed with an actual disorder

Question 12

what are the 2 types of eating disorders

Answer 12

anorexia nervose

bulimia nervose

Question 13

what is anorexia nervosa

Answer 13

refusal to maintain weight at minimal normal level, severe fear of gaining weight, amenorrhea

Question 14

what is bulimia nervosa

Answer 14

binge eating, compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain ex purging, excessive exercise, self evaluation overly influenced by body shape and weight

Question 15

what % of anorexia nervose is diagnosed in female athletes

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

what is osteoporosis

Answer 16

decreased bone mass and strength

increase risk for fractureS

Question 17

around what age does cortical and trabecular bone reach peak density

Answer 17

40 years
20 years
after lose 1%/year

Question 18

what are some risk factors of osteoporosis

Answer 18

low calcium intake
sedentary life
tobacco use
being underweight
amenorrhea related to bone density loss
estrogen deficiency
decreased bone mineral content

Question 19

what are the warning signs of the female athlete triad

Answer 19

frequent or unexplained injuries, especially stress fractures
excessive or compulsive exercise
change in performance
impaired concentration
absent or irregular menstrual cycle
restrictive eating masked as performance enhancing meal plan
use fo weight loss products or supplements

Question 20

what happens during pregnancy

Answer 20

increased hormones
progesteron and relaxin
increased joint laxity

Question 21

what do you want to avoid with joint laxity

Answer 21

ballistic movements

Question 22

why is physical activity important during pregnancy

Answer 22

maintain level of tension
avoid excessive weight gain
avoid hypertension, water retention
gestational diabetes -> not enough insulin to handle higher blood glucose

Question 23

what are some considerations to have with pregnancy

Answer 23

postural considerations
30 min or more of moderate aerobic activity for healthy uncomplicated pregnancies
weight training, maintenance more than gain
post partum- 6 weeks

Question 24

what are the types of amputations

Answer 24

traumatic
surgical
congenital

Question 25

what is a traumatic amputation

Answer 25

MVA, explosions, machinery, abjects falling, getting trapped

Question 26

what is a surgical amputation

Answer 26

if blood supply to an injured limb is lost

Question 27

what is congenital amputation

Answer 27

birth without a part of limb or limbs

Question 28

what is congenital amputation caused by

Answer 28

blood cloths forming in the fetus causing restriction to developing limb

Question 29

what is paralysis

Answer 29

inability to move a part of the body

Question 30

what are the 3 causes of paralysis

Answer 30

injury (spinal cord, spina bifida) poison (some plants) illness (post polio paralysis)

Question 31

common injuries for athletes in wheelchairs

Answer 31

``` muscular strains ofr contusions sprains, tendinitis, bursitis blisters, calluses lacerations, abrasions, cuts pressures sores arthritis and joint disorders fractures hand weakness or numbness hypo and hyperthermia ```

Question 32

what are the most common causes of visual impairment and blindness

Answer 32

uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts

Question 33

what are the challenges of visual impairment

Answer 33

unseen barriers failure to be able to respond to visual cues thought to fatigue more quickly, as one sens is taken away

Question 34

what is the most common problem with amputation

Answer 34

irritation at the junctions of the amputated limb and prosthetic device due to decreased sensation and increased risk of infection

Question 35

what is cerebral palsy

Answer 35

non-progressive lesion or malformation of the brain that interferes with normal brain development before, during or immediately after birth

Question 36

cerebral palsy consists of damages to what

Answer 36

areas of the brain that control muscle tone and spinal reflexes

Question 37

what is limited with cerebral palsy

Answer 37

ability to move and maintain posture and balance

Question 38

what are the 3 types of cerebral palsy

Answer 38

diplegia hemiplegia quadriplegia

Question 39

what is multiple sclerosis

Answer 39

thought to be an autoimmune disease of the CNS

Question 40

what does MS do

Answer 40

attacks myelin, protective covering of the nerves, causing inflammation and often damaging the myelin

Question 41

why is myelin important

Answer 41

it is necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses through nerve fibers

Question 42

what are the s/s of MS

Answer 42

``` balance/dizziness bladder/bowel dysfunction cognitive impairment depression fatigue gait optic neuritis pain paroxysmal symptoms sensory impairment, numbness/tingling sexual dysfunction spasticity tremor uhthoff's Phenomena weakness ```

Question 43

what are neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 43

issues with conceptual skills, social skills and practice skills IQs of 75 or lower manifest before the age of 18

Question 44

what is idiopathic

Answer 44

unknown cause

Question 45

what is the role of aging in neurological and musculoskeletal injuries

Answer 45

decrease in density of collagen lower tissue elasticity deterioration of muscle fibers joint degeneration

Question 46

what are the upper extremity and spinal considerations

Answer 46

``` adhesive capsulitis subacromial bursitis subacromial impingement kyphosis lumbar disc herniation and DDD ```

Question 47

what are some lower extremity considerations

Answer 47

``` poor flexibility - strains muscles weaknesses and imbalances degenerative meniscus tears osteoarthritis, osteochondral lesions plantar fasciitis fractures- falls ```