systemic conditions Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What is anemia
A
reduction of RBC volume or hemoglobin concentration
2
Q
Roles of iron (4)
A
Carries oxygen
Storage muscles
Transport of electrons
Helps with enzyme reactions
3
Q
Insufficient amounts of ___ can interfere with vital function and lead to serious illness or even ___
A
Iron, death
4
Q
Anemia reduces what (5)
A
- Maximum aerobic capacity
- Decreases physical work capacity at submax levels
- Increase lactic acidosisIncreases fatigue
- Decreases time to exhaustion
5
Q
S/S of anemia (9)
A
Palpitations, fatigue, muscle burning, nausea, SOB, appetite for substances with little or no nutritional value, spoon shaped nails, drying scaling and fissures of lips, inflammation of tongue
6
Q
Predisposing factors of anemia (9)
A
Family history Poor diet Excessive menstrual flow/pregnancy/childbirth Chronic bleeding Disadvantaged socioeconomic background Chronic use of aspirin or NSAIDs Cancer Volunteer blood donor Diminished hepatic, renal or thyroid dysfunction
7
Q
Iron deficiency anemia - Tx (2)
A
Increase iron Vitamin C
Avoid caffeine products
8
Q
Most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
A
Iron deficiency anemia
9
Q
Exercise-induced hemolytic anemia other name + cause
A
Runner’s anemia
Repetitive trauma that destroys the RBC
10
Q
2 types of repetitive traumas in runner’s anemia
A
- foot strike hemolysis
2. intravascular hemolysis
11
Q
What is sickle cell anemia + attributed to what?
A
Abnormalities in RBC
Inheriting an autosomal recessive gene or to possessing two sickle genes
12
Q
Sickle cell gene is common in people whose origin is in ___ and _____
A
areas where malaria is widespread and black people
13
Q
Can be mistaken for heat collapse or cardiac collapseOften occurs first 30 min on the field
A
Sickle cell collapse
14
Q
S/S of sickle cell anemia
A
Mainly asymptomatic
15
Q
Treatment of sickle cell anemia
A
No cure, hydration is key, build up slowly with PA levels, more rest between reps, acclimatize to altitude and heat, control asthma
16
Q
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - Heat cramping often has a prodrome of muscle twinges VS
A
none for sickling
17
Q
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - The pain is different
A
Heat cramping pain is more excruciating
18
Q
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - What stops the athlete is different
A
Heat crampers hobble to a halt with locked up muscles VS sickling players slump to the ground with weak muscles
19
Q
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - Physical findings are different
A
Heat crampers writhe and yell in pain, with muscles visibly contracted and rock-hard VS sicklers lie fairly still, not yelling in pain, with muscles that look and feel normal
20
Q
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - The response is different
A
Sickling players caught early and treated right recover faster than players with major heat cramping
21
Q
Recognize what
A
Know your athleteAdjust physical exertion, especially in the heat and altitudeAcclimatizationHydration
22
Q
Hemophilia
A
Bleeding disorderDeficiency in clotting system
23
Q
S/S of hemophilia (5)
A
Large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling caused by internal bleeding, intramuscular bleeding, blood in urine or stool and prolonged bleeding from procedures
24
Q
Special considerations for hemophilia
A
Avoid contact sport/dangerous sport to prevent injuries like laceration, bruising, etc.
25
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of the lymphatic channels
26
Lymphangitis is a result of what
Infection at a site distal to the vessels
27
S/S of lymphangitis
Local inflammation, red streaks, headache, loss of appetite, fevers, chills, malaise, and muscle aches
28
Treatment of lymphangitis
Refer, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, possible drainage of an abcess
29
How to monitor infection in lymphangitis
Mark with a circle to see if it grows
30
Blood pressure disorders - hypertension
Elevated BPIncrease risk of CV disease
31
Risk factors of hypertension
Age, obesity, alcohol abuse, race, sex, smoking, heredity, diabetes
32
Pre-hypertensive stage
120-139 or 80-89
33
Stage 1 hypertension
140-159 or 90-99
34
Blood pressure disorders - Hypotension
LowerInadequate blood circulated to heart, vital organs
35
S/S of hypotension (5)
Shock, dehydration, acute hemorrhage, orthostatic hypotension, postural hypotension
36
Silent killer
Sudden cardiac death
37
Leading cause of death in young athletes (unexpected)
Sudden cardiac death
38
___ and ___ athletes have an increased death rate in comparison to ___ (highest in ___)
Male, black
Females
Basketball players
39
Most common cause of SCD in individuals younger than 35 years old
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
40
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Abnormal thickening of left ventricle wall
41
Normal ventricle thickness vs HCM
1 cm VS more than 3 cm
42
Myocarditis
Inflammatory condition of the muscular walls due to bacterial or viral infection
43
S/S of myocarditis
Maybe asymptomatic, fever, body aches, fatigue, cough or vomiting
44
Marfan syndrome
Genetic disorder of the connective tissue that can affect the skeletin, lungs, eyes, heart and blood vessels
45
S/S of marfan syndrome
```
Overly long extremities
Joint hypermobile
Pigeon chest
Stretch marks
Scoliosis
Increased incidence of hernias
Positive thumb test and wrist test
```
46
2 tests done for marfan syndrome
Positive thumb test and wrist test
47
Irritation of one or more of the pain sensitive structures or tissues in the head/neck
Headaches
48
Headaches can stem from (3)
Organic disorders
Psychoneurological problems
Environmental
49
Idiopathic episodic headache disorder
Migraine headaches
50
Common triggers of migraine headaches (9)
Caffeine, missed meals, too much or little sleep, stress, bright lights, strong odors, change in altitude, red grapes, aspartame
51
Migraines without aura
Pulsating quality, aggravated by PA, nausea, photo/phonophobia, desire to lay down in dark room, pressure in the head
52
Migraines with aura
Flashes, losing visual field, smell, taste, dizzy
| Develops over 5 min and lasts 60 min
53
Most common type of headache (30-78% of general population)
Tension type headaches
54
Typically in frontal or occipital region bilaterally spreading over the entire head
Tension type headaches
55
S/S of tension type headaches
Mild nausea, phono/photophobia
56
Chronic TTHs are present when/how long
At least 15 days per month to for at least 6 months
57
Severe unilateral pain, either orbitally or supraorbitally, or temporally or a combination of these sites, that lasts from 15-180 min
Cluster headaches
58
S/S of cluster headaches
Described as unilateral, stabbing, boring, burning, clusters or groups can last 3 weeks to 3 months, followed by headache free periods months to years
59
Episodes of cluster headaches are associated with at least 2 of the following
Conjunctival infection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, forehead/facial sweating, pupillary contraction, lid drooping, eyelid edemaAgitation during attacks
60
Treatment care for headaches (3)
1. drug therapy (OTC pain relieves)
2. Stress reduction can help
3. CT scan or MRI if other techniques fail
61
Meningitis
Most commonly caused by bacteria or a virus
| Can occur from blow to head, cancers, inflammatory diseases, reaction to medications
62
2 types of meningitis
Viral or bacterial
63
Viral meningitis
usually mild and clears on its own after 1-2 weeks
| viruses associated with mumps, herpes infection, or other diseases as well as polluted water can cause this
64
Bacteria meningitis
Streptococcus, requires antibiotics
Caused by infection from other part of body and travels through bloodstream to brain and spinal cord
Contagious
65
___ of cases of meningitis are fatal
10 %
66
S/S of meningitis
High fever, severe headaches, cervical rigidity, vomiting, irritability, lack of appetite, photophobia, lack of energy, mental confusion, neurological complications
67
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the functional brain tissue
68
Treatment of encephalitis
Antiviral medication
NSAIDs
Improve immune system (nutrition, PA, stress reduction)
69
Primary encephalitis
Direct viral invasion of brain and spinal cord
| Headache and fever to start
70
Secondary encephalitis
Viral infection in other part of the body
| Over reaction of immune system
71
Complex regional pain syndrome
Chronic pain disorder lasting longer than 6 months
| Presents of regional pain and sensory changes followed by a noxious events
72
S/S of complex regional pain syndrome
Abnormal skin color, temperature changes, abnormal sweating, hypersensitivity of the area, subnormal edema. significant motor function
73
Incidence of CRPS
Women more than men
| Peak at 40
74
Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (5)
Pain reduction therapy, NSAIDs, nerve blocks, psychological improvement, movement
75
Upper respiratory tract infections
Viral condition
76
upper respiratory infection - do not participate if (7)
38C fever, severe malaise, myalgia, weakness, SOB, severe cough or dehydration
77
40-50% of infections of common cold are
human rhinovirus
78
S/S of common cold
Rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, unproductive cough, itching and puffy eyes
79
Strategies to reduce the common cold
- Avoid contact with people who have these infections
- Avoid touching objects/sharing objects
- Wash hands frequently and avoid touching eyes/nose with fingers
- Drink plenty of clear, non-alcoholic fluids
- Vitamin C can help decrease the duration and severity of symptoms
- Reduce stress
80
Sinusitis
Inflammation of paranasal sinus
81
Cause of sinusitis
Bacteria, virus, allergy or environmental factors
82
S/S of sinusitis
Nasal congestion, facial pain (upper teeth), pressure (eyes), nasal discharge, coughing, palpable pain in sinuses, fever, chills, swelling of eyes, tension headaches
83
Pharyingitis
Sore throat
| Dark red tonsils, swollen, pus discharge may be present
84
S/S of pharyngitis
Pain with swallowing, may radiate to ears, common cold symptoms may be also present
85
Laryngitis
Tissues inferior to epiglottis are swollen and inflamed (swelling around vocal cords)
86
Laryngitis common with ?
cold, trauma to throat, allergies, cigarette smoking, general irritation of straining vocal cords
87
S/S of laryngitis
Weak, hoarse, gravelly voice, sore throat, fever, cough, tickling in throat, difficulty swallowing
88
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of tonsils
89
Causes of tonsillitis
streptococcal infection, sometimes by viral infections, such as flu, cold, mononucleosis or herpes simplex
90
S/S of tonsillitis (4)
White specks or white excaudate on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes, headache, bad breath
91
Bronchitis
Inflammation of mucosal lining of tracheobronchial tree
92
S/S of bronchitis
Bronchial swelling, mucus secretion, increases resistance to expiration, coughing, wheezing, mucus production
93
Influenza
The flu
| Viral condition caused by Haemophilus influenza (A,B, or C)
94
S/S of influenza
Fever, chills, malaise, headache, general muscle aches, hacking cough, inflamed mucous membranes
Rapid onset after exposure
Sore throat, watery eyes, photophobia
95
Treatment of influenza (4)
Fluids, saltwater gargles, cough medication, analgesics to control fever/aches/pain
96
Coronaviruses
Highly contagious respiratory illnesses
| Airborne spread
97
S/S of coronaviruses
Fever, chills, headache, general malaise, loss of appetite, respiratory symptoms
Cough, SOB
Can lead to hypoxia and develop pneumonia
98
Pneumonia
Inflammation and infection of the lungs
99
S/S of pneumonia
Shaking, chills, high fever, sweating, chest pain, and cough
100
More common form of bacteria
Streptococcus
101
Kissing disease
Infectious mononucleosis
102
What virus causes mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus
103
S/S of mono
General feeling of malaise and fatigue, 3-5 days of fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, enlarged and vulnerable spleen
104
Gastric juice regurgitates into the esophagus (very acidic)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
105
S/S of GERD
Mild heartburn, upper chest pain
106
Cause of GERD
Eats/drinks too much, obesity, pregnancy, running
107
Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach or small intestine
Gastroenteritis
108
Other names for gastroenteritis
Intestinal flu, traveler's diarrhea, or food poisoning
109
Cause of gastroenteritis (7)
Bacterial, viral, allergic reaction, medication, parasites, contaminated food, emotional stress
110
S/S of gastroenteritis
Indigestion, nausea, gas, sour stomach, cramping, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, lead to dehydration
111
Lower GI disorder
| Abdominal pain and altered bowel function
Irritable bowel syndrome
112
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Refer to physician for blood/stool samples, dietary modifications, adequate rest, exercise and stress reduction
113
Serious, chronic inflammation, usually of the distal ileum and colon
Regional enteritis
Crohn disease
114
Cause of crohn disease
Unknown
115
S/S of crohn disease
Chronic abdominal pain in lower right quadrant, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, malnutrition, sores in anal region
116
Complications of crohn disease
Joint pain, eye problems, skin rash, liver disease
117
Hyperthyroidism
Over production of thyroxine
118
Hypothyroidism
Insufficient quality of thyroid tissue, loss of functional tissue, excessive or insufficient iodine in diet, certain medicines
119
S/S of thyroid disorders
see slide 53 of systemic disease
120
Produce digestive juices, secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
Pancreas
121
2 types of pancreatitis
Acute or chronic
122
Gallstones leading cause
Block flow of pancreatic juices
Digestive enzymes become active in pancreas not intestines
Abdominal pain, referred to back or chest
Alcohol worsens pain
Immediate medical attention
Acute pancreatitis
123
Permanent damage to structures/function due to progressive inflammation
Alcohol leading cause
Cells that produce insulin are impaired causing diabetes
Chronic pancreatitis
124
Diabetes mellitus
Review slide 55 of systemic disease
125
Diabetes complications - vascular and nerve
- Affect ability to feel
- Increase risk of coronary heart disease
- Can't feel cuts/lacerations (infection)
126
Diabetes complications - hypoglycemia (4)
- Low blood sugar
- Common in athletes
- Insulin shock
- Dizziness, headache, feeling shaky, pale, cold/clammy skin
127
Diabetes complications - Diabetic coma *medical emergency
Hyperglycemia
Increasingly restless and confused, SOB, dry mouth, intense thirst
Can slip into a coma, dry/red/warm skin, rapid/weak pulse, and a sweet fruity acetone breathe
