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BIO 240 Anatomy and Physiology I > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What components make up the periorbital region?

A

Superior and Inferior Palpebra - eyelids

Eyelashes

Supraorbital ridge - diverts fluids

Lacrimal caruncle - directs tears into opening to drain

Extrinsic Eye muscles

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2
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus and what are the components?

A

Produces and brings tears to surface of eye and reabsorbs tears

Components

  1. Lacrimal Gland - produce tears
  2. Lacrimal Ducts - bring tears to eye
  3. Lacrimal Puncta - entry into lacrimal canals
  4. Lacrimal Canals - brings tears to nasolarcimal duct
  5. Nasolacrimal Duct - takes tears to nasal cavity
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3
Q

How does the eyelid blink and what is the purpose?

A

Blink from lateral to medial and helps spread tears

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4
Q

What kind of antimicrobial is contained in tears?

A

Lysozyme

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5
Q

What are the components of the fibrous tunic?

A

Continuous w/ dura mater of brain

  1. Cornea - clear part of eye
  2. Sclera - white of eye
    • conjuctiva is the mucous membrane of sclera
  3. Canals of Schlemm - edge of cornea/sclera
    • where you drain fluid from eye
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6
Q

What are the components of the vascular tunic?

A
  1. Choroid
    • blood vessels provide nutrients for retina
  2. Ciliary Body
    • ciliary muscle - connects to lens to change shape
    • ciliary processes - make aqueous fluid
  3. Iris
    • sphinctor pupillae - constrict pupil
    • dilator pupillae - dilate pupil
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7
Q

How is the lens held in place?

A

With suspensory ligaments

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8
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

The lens changes shape for near/far vision

  • Near vision lens = more biconvex (round)
  • Far vision lens = less biconvex
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9
Q

What makes up the nervous tunic or retina?

A
  1. Pigmented Layer - absorbs light to prevent from bouncing
  2. Nervous Layer - photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells
  3. Optic Disk - blind spot where retina connects to optic nerve
  4. Ora Serrata - where retina connects to ciliary body
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10
Q

What are the different nervous layers of the retina or nervous tunic?

A
  1. Photoreceptor layer
    • rods - dim light and black/white
    • cones - color vision
  2. Bipolar layer
    • bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion layer
    • axons that compose optic nerve
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11
Q

What is the central fovea?

A

Central fovea - only photoreceptors=sharpest vision

-100% cones in central fovea and more rods as you move away

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the lens?

A
  1. biconvex
  2. made of crystallin proteins
    1. suspensory ligaments
  3. change shape with accomodation reflex
  4. focuses light on the retina
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13
Q

How does the ciliary body and suspensory ligaments interact with eachother to change shape of lens?

A

Ciliary body relaxes = more tension on suspensory ligaments

-lens is less biconvex for far vision

Ciliary body contracts = less tension on suspensory ligaments

-lens is more biconvex for near vision

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14
Q

What are the different cavities and chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior Cavity

  • posterior chamber
  • anterior chamber

Posterior Cavity

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15
Q

What fluids fill up the different cavities of the eye? How is intraocular pressure and turgor maintained?

A

Anterior Cavity = aqueous humor

-constanty produced and reabsorbed

Posterior Cavity = vitreous humor

-not continuously produced/reabsorbed

Intraocular pressure maintained with aqueous humor

Turgor (shape) maintained with vitreous humor

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16
Q

What three processes are involved in formation of images on the retina?

A
  1. Refraction of light rays
  2. accomodation of lens
  3. constriction of pupil
17
Q

How much light is refracted by the cornea and lens?

A

cornes = 60%

lens = 40%

18
Q

How does accomodation work for lens?

A

Biconvex lens

Far object = less convex

Near object = more convex

ciliary muscles change shape of lens

19
Q

How does constriction of the pupil affect vision?

A

Part of the accomodation reflex that limits peripheral light

-near vision = pupillary constriction

20
Q

How do photoreceptors act as neurons in different light conditions?

A
21
Q

What are the characteristics of rod cells?

A
  • not present in central fovea
  • increase in concentration to ora serrata
  • dim light and peripheral vision
  • 6 – 600 rod cells converge on 1 bipolar cell, as well as amacrine and
  • horizontal cells.
22
Q

What are the characteristics of cone cells?

A
  • 100% cone cells in central fovea
  • diminish in number toward ora serrata
  • three different types: blue, red, green cone cells
  • bright light required to break pigments
  • 1:1 relationship with bipolar cells
  • visual acuity and color vision
23
Q

Walk through the visual pathway.

A

Begin when bipolar neurons initiate action potential after receiving signal from photoreceptors

-Ganglion cell axons converge in blind spot = optice nerve

Optic Chiasma = some crossing over

  • medial retina pathway = contralateral
  • lateral retina pathway = ipsilateral
24
Q

What is the anatomy of the external ear?

A
25
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

Located in external ear and produce cerumin, ear wax.

-antimicrobial

26
Q

What is the anatomy of the middle ear?

A
27
Q

What do mastoid air cell do?

A

packets of air in temporal bone that drain fluid from middle ear

28
Q

What are the three ossicles and why have three?

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

-can modulate amount of vibration reaching middle ear

29
Q

What are the protective muscles around ossicles and what is tehir function?

A

Stapedius and Tensor tympani

-prevent ossicles from vibrating too hard w/ loud sustained sounds

30
Q

What is the anatomy of the border betwen outer/middle ear?

A
31
Q

What is the outer anatomy of the internal ear?

A

Bony Labyrinth filled with perilymph

  • 3 semicircular canals
    • frontal, horizontal, sagittal
  • vestibule - equilibrium
  • cochlea
32
Q

What is the inner anatomy of the internal ear?

A

Membranous Labyrinth filled w/ endolymph

  • 3 semicircular ducts
    • frontal, horizontal, sagittal
  • vestibule - equilibrium
    • utricle and saccule filled with fluid
  • cochlea
    • cochlear duct also known as scala media
33
Q

What is the anatomy of the cochlea cross section?

A

Scala vestibuli - has perilymph

Scala tympani - has perilymph

Scala media - has endolymph

Vestibular membrane - move w/ sound

Basilar membrane - move w/ sound

Tectorial membrane - does not move w/ sound

Spiral organ of Corti - organ used in hearing

34
Q

How does stiffness of the vestibular/basilar membrane correlate w/ sound?

A

The beginning of the cochlea near round window = more stiff

-more stiff = high frequency = high pitch

End of cochlea = more flexible

-more flexible = low frequency = low pitch

35
Q

Explain the physiology of hearing

A
36
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Accomplished with saccule and utricle in vestibule

-filled w/ endolymph

Hair cells inside saccule and utricle sense changes in the gelatinous otolithic membrane

-as otoliths move they move hair cells

37
Q

What does static equilirbium monitor?

A
  1. perception of head orientation when body is stationary
  2. perception of linear acceleration/deceleration
38
Q

How is dynamic equilibrium monitored?

A
  1. Semicircular ducts
    • the three positions of the ducts monitor equilibrium in that plane
  2. hair cells
    • monitor changes in gel that fills cupula in the ampulla
  3. cupulla in the ampulla
39
Q

What does dynamic equilibrium monitor?

A

perception of rotational movements

BIO 240 Anatomy and Physiology I (19 decks)

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