Special Senses Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
5 prototypical flavor stimuli:
A
SALTY Sweet SOUR BITTER UMAMI
2
Q
o NaCl –
A
salty
3
Q
o HCl –
A
sour
4
Q
o Sucrose –
A
sweet
5
Q
o Quinine –
A
Bitter
6
Q
o MSG –
A
Savory/umami
7
Q
loudness, encoded by the number of neurons and rate of action potential firing
A
intensity
8
Q
– pitch, which part of the Organ of Corti is most active
A
pitch
9
Q
location, CNS compares the difference in sound between the 2 ears
A
position
10
Q
conduction through the ear
A
- Sound waves down external acoustic meatus to tympanic membrane
- Mal,Inc,Stap –> transfer to oval window
- ME generated by the ossicles –> to (perilymph and endolymph) via round window
- Fluid waves travel through the cochlea
11
Q
Each neuron within the spiral ganglion innervates ______ INNER hair cell, but each INNER will receive innervation from _______ ganglion. These are ________fibers.
A
ONE ; MULTIPLE ; AFFERENT
12
Q
____ neuron from spiral ganglion innervates ________ OUTER -These are ________fibers.
A
ONE ; MULTIPLE ; Both motor and sensory / AFFERNT & EFFERENT
13
Q
- 3,500 at birth
- stereocilia in endolymph
- located towards the inner edge/BASE of basilar membrane
- base has numerous afferent nerve endings
- main component for hearing
A
Inner hair cells
14
Q
- 12,000 at birth
- stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane
- located towards the middle (apex) of basilar membrane
- have both afferent and efferent innervation
- change shape
- amplify soft sounds
A
Outer hair cells
15
Q
Endolymph contains _____ ions
A
high K+
16
Q
Perilymph contains _____.
A
low ionic content similar to CSF
17
Q
Stereocilia at apical endolymph side of cell are attached to longer _______
A
kinocilium
18
Q
When stereocilia move, mechanically-gated ion channels at the base of the kinocilium open, allowing ___ & ____ to enter cell from endolymph
A
K+ ; Ca2+
19
Q
depolarization of the cell opens voltage-gated ____ ions to flow triggering the release of neurotransmitter (probably ____) from the base of the cell
A
Ca2+ ; glutamate
20
Q
Binding of neurotransmitter to receptors at the ends of CN ___ generate an action potential which heads to the ______ in the CNS
A
VIII (8) ; cochlear nucleus
21
Q
The basilar membrane creates a _____ map of sound
A
tonotopic
22
Q
Ascending Auditory Pathway has 5 relays, what are they?
A
Cochlear nuclei (dorsal and ventral) Superior olivary complex Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus
23
Q
Cochlear nuclei will analyze: (PAD)
A
Pitch/tone
Amplitude – loudness
Duration
24
Q
The Sup. Olivary Complex is Located in the ___?
A
pons
25
The main function of the auditory nuclei in the superior olivary complex is __________?
analyzing where a sound is coming from
26
1. Interaural intensity difference – distinguished by ?
lateral superior olive
27
2. Interaural timing difference –distinguished by ?
medial superior olive
28
Ascending axons from the superior olive will form a component of the _______
lateral lemniscus
29
the ______ is a tract for communication between ______ and the ______?
superior olivary complex ; inferior colliculus
30
the ______ is a tract for communication between ______ and the ______?
Lateral Lemniscus
| ; superior olivary complex ; inferior colliculus
31
Principal mid-brain nucleus of the auditory pathway
inferior colliculus
32
helps localize sounds along the vertical aspect and integrate with horizontal localization
inferior colliculus
33
may play a role in the startle response and filtering self sounds (vocalization, chewing, respiration)
inferior colliculus
34
From the inferior colliculus some fibers cross over to the contralateral IC or ascend to the _______
Medial geniculate body
35
The Medial geniculate body is Located in the _______
thalamus
36
Plays a major role in processing of sound frequency, intensity and timing
Medial geniculate body
37
Thought to influence the direction and maintenance of attention
Medial geniculate body
38
Last filter before sound stimuli reach the level of the auditory cortex and conscious awareness occurs at the____?
Medial geniculate body
39
Unilateral damage between the lateral lemniscus and auditory cortex results in ______ sound localization deficits;
contralateral
40
Unilateral damage below the lateral lemniscus results in localization deficits to _______?
either ipsilateral or both sides
41
Left side is more focused on the ____ side and on _____
right ; language
42
Right side is more focused on the ____ side and on _____ ?
Left ; music
43
unilateral destruction results in ______. Loss of both sides results in cortical_____.
slight hearing loss ; deafness
44
inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions – 1/3 of stroke patients suffer some form of aphasia
aphasia
45
______ is important in language processing –damage results in expressive aphasia – halting effortful speach ; located in the temporal lobe
Broca's
46
_______ is involved in comprehension of written and spoken language – damage results receptive aphasia – fluent speech that lacks meaning (located in parietal lobe)
Wernicke’s area
47
Fxn of The descending pathway – is to ?
protecting hearing
48
The ____ pathway is triggered by high intensity sound as well as in anticipation of vocalization
Auditory reflex pathway aka acoustic reflex
49
The ____ pathway is triggered by high intensity sound as well as in anticipation of vocalization
Auditory reflex pathway aka acoustic reflex
50
The ossicle ______ – innervated by CN ___ and the muscle ____ innervated by CN __ is responsible for the Auditory reflex pathway
```
Stapedius (VII 7)
Tensor Tympani (V3)
```
51
In newborns we test their hearing by testing ___
Otoacoustic emissions
52
- long-term exposure to sounds that are either too loud or last too long - damages the hair cells is ---?
Noise induced hearing loss
53
________ is caused by bilateral lesion of the primary auditory cortex (only 12 reported cases)
Cortical hearing loss
54
The hypothalamus helps regulate five basic physiological needs
1) BP; F/E ; Apetite
2) body temp (ANS & brain circuits directing motivated behavior)
3) Regulates energy metabolism (via feeding, digestion, and metabolic rate)
4) Regulates reproduction (via hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation)
5) Directs responses to stress by influencing blood flow to specific tissues, and by stimulating the secretion of adrenal stress hormones.
(BP, Temp, Metabolism, Reproduction,Stress)
55
The hypothalamus is divided into four regions:
- Preoptic region
- Anterior region
- Tuberal region
- Posterior region
56
The hypothalamus has many _____ connections, meaning the input largely reflects _____ connections.
reciprocal ; output
57
Generally speaking the _____ system is part of the brain that regulates our _____ state in relation to the _______
limbic ; internal ; external environment.
58
Medial & Lateral pre-frontal cortex of the limbic system fxns to ____ ?
helps initiate motor behaviors
59
Cingulate gyrus: of the limbic system fxns to ____ ?
Attention and nursing/play behaviors
60
The Cingulate gyrus: of the limbic system fxns to ____ ?
Attention and nursing/play behaviors
61
Both the ____ and _____ of the limbic system fxn in memory.
Parahippocampal gyrus:
| Hippocampal formation:
62
What are the 2 general neuroanatomical substrates of the limbic system?
Main Cortical structures
| & Subcortical structure
63
Amygdala of the limbic system fxns to ____ ?
process emotion, attention
64
The Main Cortical structures are
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampal formation
-Medial and prefrontal cortices
"My MAIN man CING PARed his HIP on the MEDian of PREFONT street"
65
The Subcortical structures are??
| -
Amygdala
- Septal regions
- Ventral basal ganglia
- Anterior thalamus
- Hypothalamus
"AMY HYPO- VENTalated and gave herslf and ANTERIOR SPETAL defect"
66
Limbic structures have been found to be underlying a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as.....
```
Alzheimer's Disease
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
General anxiety disorders
Manic Depressive disorder (Bipolar)
Dissociative identity disorder
Social phobias
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
```
67
Historically damage to the amygdala was found to produce the _______. This is a form of “agnosia” - lack of knowledge of the “meaning” of different stimuli.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
68
The primary anatomical description of emotion can be in the ______
The Papez Circuit
69
The Papez Circuit is as follows:
1. Info comes into HYPOCAMPAL FORMATION
2. Thru the white matter pathway calle th FORNIX
3. TO the MAMMILARY BODIES (part of hypothalamus)
4. Via the MMT (MAMAMILOTHALAMIC TRACT)
5. TO the ANTER THALAMIC NUCLEI
6. TO CINGULATE CORTEX
"PAZ gets HYPe FOR MAMMals ANTs & CINGULATES"
70
What are the Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 cells in each taste bud?
Type 1- Glial (non-neuronal)
Type 2- Sweet, umami , bitter,
Type 3- Sour and salty
"I bought 2 SUBs at first it taste sweet, then savery, then bitter when I saw how many calories"
71
How many cells are in each taste bud?
50-100
72
One axon can innervate how many taste buds?
2-10
73
Series of events during stimulus transduction:
1. odorant >> epithelium
2. odorant >> through mucus to ORC cilia
3. odorant interacts with an ORC
4. Binding >> generates a depolarizing generator potential in the ORC
5. generator potential is passively conducted >> action potential.
74
Where does the SMELL system synapse?
In the CNS - ORC make synapses on glomeruli
75
Where does the TASTE system synapse?
PERIPHERY
76
Xth (Vagus) Cranial nerve supplies
epiglottis and layngeal aditus
77
IXth (Glossopharyngeal) Cranial nerve supplies the
vallate papillae and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
78
VIIth (Facial) Cranial nerve – via the chorda tympani nerve to the _____ and greater petrosal nerve to the ______
tongue ; palate
