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Field's Virology > Specific virus summaries 2 > Flashcards

Specific virus summaries 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hepadnaviruses

What percentage develop:

  • acute HBV hepatitis
  • chronic HBV infection
  • HCC
A
  • acute HBV hepatitis
  • chronic HBV infection
    5% if acquired in adulthood
    30% of children aged 1-5 years
    90% of neonates
  • HCC
    10%
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2
Q

Herpesviruses

What is seroprevalence for

HSV1
HSV2

A

HSV1 65%

HSV2 16%

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3
Q

Herpesviruses

How does VZV spread to skin?

A

Mucus membranes - lungs/ eyes

Lymph nodes

Viraemia spread to organs - including skin, lungs, liver, brain

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4
Q

Herpesviruses

What percentage of people develop shingles?

A

99% of people have had chickenpox

30% risk of shingles following primary infection

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5
Q

Herpesviruses

Which viruses fall into each category?

Alphaherpesviruses
Betaherpesviruses
Gammherpesviruses

A

Alphaherpesviruses
HSV 1/2
VZV

Betaherpesviruses
CMV (HHV5)
HHV6
HHV7

Gammherpesviruses
EBV
HHV8

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6
Q

Herpesviruses

What disease is HHV8 associated with?

A

HHV8
- Kaposi Sarcoma
- Primary effusion lymphoma (B-cell)
- Multicentric Castleman disease

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7
Q

Herpesviruses

What diseases is EBV associated with?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma - in combination with malaria

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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8
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

What are examples?

A

Influenza A/ B/ C

Paramyxoviruses - RSV/ Measles

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9
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

Why is influenza associated with secondary bacterial infection?

S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus, Staph aureus most common

A

Viral infection compromises epithelial barriers and suppresses immune response

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10
Q

Papillomaviruses

What disease do papillomaviruses cause?

A

Skin warts - including anogenital

Head/ neck tumours

Cervical neoplasia/ cancer

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11
Q

Papillomaviruses

What genotypes does vaccine protect against?

A

6/ 11/ 16/ 18

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12
Q

Paramyxoviruses

What are examples?

A

RSV

MEasles

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13
Q

Paramyxoviruses

What disease can measles cause?

A

Ear infections

Bronchopneumonia

Encephalitis

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14
Q

Paramyxoviruses

What types of encephalitis can measles cause?

A

Primary encephalitis - e.g virus in CNS. Occurs shortly after infection

SSPE - subacute sclerosing panecenphalitis - viral replication present, but no viable virus produced. As remains inside neurons, immune system cannot attack it. Occurs years after infection - median 7 years

ADEM - post-infectious demyelination. Occurs few weeks/ months after infection

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15
Q

Paramyxoviruses

How does Measles spread within body?

A

Initially via mucosal surfaces

Lymph node

Viraemia - spread to skin (rash), lungs, brain

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16
Q

Paramyxoviruses

Measles confirmed in child

What is the process for assessing who is at risk requiring Post-Exposure prophylaxis?

A

At risk -
pregnant
immunocompromised
infant - <9 months

17
Q

Paramyxoviruses

Measles PEP

What should be given to a contact who is pregnant/ immunocompromised?

A

Check exposure history

Check immunity

If non-immune:
pregnant - give HNIG within 6 days of exposure
mild immunosuppression - give HNIG within 6 days of exposure
severe immunosuppression - can give HNIG without testing required

18
Q

Paramyxoviruses

Measles PEP

What should be given to a contact who is:
- <6 months old
- 6-8 months old
- >9 months old

A
  • <6 months old
    assume susceptible regardless of maternal status. Given HNIG up to 6 days
  • 6-8 months old
  • household exposure - give HNIG
  • community exposure - MMR vaccine
  • > 9 months old
  • MMR vaccine

MMR vaccine normally given at 12 months, but can be given earliest at 9 months

19
Q

Paramyxoviruses

Measles PEP

What should be given to an immunosuppressed patient who is inadvertently given a live Measles vaccine?

A

If minor immunosuppression, and previously shown to be immune, may not need any PEP

If severely immunosuppressed - need HNIG

20
Q

Paramyxoviruses

Measles PEP

What should be given to an pregnant patient who is inadvertently given a live Measles vaccine?

A

No HNIG necessary - mother unlikely to have an infection, and unlikely to affect foetal outcome

PHE has undertaken surveillance of vaccination in pregnancy since 1981 and the data to date are reassuring with regards to maternal and infant outcomes, when MMR is given in pregnancy or shortly prior to pregnancy

21
Q

Paramyxoviruses

Measles PEP - HNIG required

How soon does this need to be adminsitered

A

ASAP - ideally <72 hours after exposure

up to 6 days max

22
Q

Paramyxoviruses

RSV

Who is at risk of severe RSV infection?

A

Age <6 months - most common cause bronchiolitis/ pneumonia
Age - elderly

immunosuppressed

Airway disease e.g COPD

23
Q

Paramyxoviruses

RSV

What treatment is available?

A

Palivizumab for high risk infants

Ribavirin for infants

No treatment for adults. Vaccine in development

Field's Virology (30 decks)

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