Speech A&P Unit 3: Phonation

Question 1

This muscle originates in the inner surface of the mandible, courses in a fanlike direction, and inserts in the hyoid bone. It serves to elevate the hyoid and depress the mandible.

Answer 1

mylohyoid

Question 2

This muscle originates in the styloid process of the temporal bone, and courses medially downward to insert in the hyoid bone. It serves to elevate and retract the hyoid bone.

Answer 2

stylohyoid

Question 3

This muscle originates in the sternum and clavicle, courses superiorly, and inserts in the inferior margin of the hyoid bone. It serves to depress the hyoid bone.

Answer 3

sternohyoid

Question 4

This muscle originates in the thyroid cartilage, and courses upward to insert in the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. It serves to depress the hyoid or elevate the thyroid.

Answer 4

thyrohyoid

Question 5

This muscle originates in the superior-lateral surface of the cricoid, courses up and back to insert in the muscular process of the arytenoid, and serves to adduct the vocal folds.

Answer 5

lateral cricoarytenoid

Question 6

This muscle originates in the lateral margin of the posterior arytenoid, and courses laterally to insert in the lateral margin of the posterior surface of the opposite arytenoid. It serves to adduct the vocal folds by moving the arytenoids medially.

Answer 6

transverse arytenoid

Question 7

This muscle originates in the base of the muscular processes, courses obliquely up, and inserts in the apex of the opposite arytenoid. It serves to pull the apex medially.

Answer 7

oblique arytenoid

Question 8

This muscle originates in the posterior cricoid lamina, courses up and out, and inserts in the posterior aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. It serves to abduct the folds.

Answer 8

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 9

Process of drawing the vocal folds together

Answer 9

adduction

Question 10

The _____ is the cavity of the larynx immediately superior to the ventricular folds.

Answer 10

vestibule

Question 11

The _______ cartilage is a complete ring resting atop the trachea.

Answer 11

cricoid

Question 12

According to the Bernoulli principle, air pressure at a constriction within flowing air will _________ (increase/decrease).

Answer 12

decrease

Question 13

When the _____ & ______ muscles are contracted the arytenoid cartilages are pulled medially.

Answer 13

transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid

Question 14

The thyrovocalis muscle attaches to the ________ process of the arytenoid cartilage.

Answer 14

vocal

Question 15

Implications of laryngectomy include:

Answer 15

Loss of voicing source for speech
Difficulty Coughing
Inability to hold breathe/fixate thorax
Diminished humidity /filtering pollutants of air inhaled.

Question 16

The vocal register used during everyday conversation is called

Answer 16

modal register

Question 17

In this type of phonation the vocal folds become thin and tend to vibrate along the tensed margin, which is often shortened by damping the anterior segment.

Answer 17

falsetto

Question 18

The following muscle abducts the vocal folds (sole VF abductor)

Answer 18

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 19

T/F: As the mass per unit length of the vocal folds decreases, the natural fundamental frequency of vibration will increase.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

T/F:Falsetto utilizes the same vibratory pattern as model phonation, with the exception that the vocal folds are vibrating at a much higher frequency.

Answer 20

False;in falsetto, the vocal folds become thin and tend to vibrate along the tensed, bowed, margin. The folds make contact only briefly, amplitude of excursion is reduced.

Question 21

What structural differences account for the difference in fundamental frequency of men versus women?

Answer 21

During puberty males undergo a significant growth of muscle and cartilage, resulting in greater muscle mass and more prominent Adams apple which lengthens the interior dimension of the thyroid cartilage.

Question 22

Why are clients on voice rest told not to whisper?

Answer 22

In audible whisper speech, speech is produced without vocal fold vibration by causing air to pass along the edges of the tensed vocal folds, thus producing a friction sound source.

Question 23

Largest of the laryngeal cartilages

Answer 23

thyroid

Question 24

Entryway into the larynx from the pharynx

Answer 24

aditus

Question 25

Cavity of the larynx immediately superior to the ventricular folds

Answer 25

vestibule

Question 26

Cavity between the false and true folds

Answer 26

ventricle

Question 27

Space between the vocal folds.

Answer 27

glottis

Question 28

The process of drawing the vocal folds apart is termed

Answer 28

abduction

Question 29

The _________ cartilages articulate with the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage.

Answer 29

arytenoid

Question 30

To increase vocal intensity the _____ (opening/closing/closed) phase of vibration must increase in duration.

Answer 30

closed

Question 31

According to the bernoulli principle, airflow at a constriction will _________ (increase/decrease) in velocity.

Answer 31

increase

Question 32

The _____ are variably sized spaces between the fold of the aryepiglittic membrane and the thyroid cartilage laterally.

Answer 32

pyriform sinuses

Question 33

When the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contracts the muscular process is pulled in which direction?

Answer 33

anteriorly

Question 34

T/F:Glottal fry utilizes the same vibratory patter as modal phonation, with the exception that the vocal folds are vibration at a much lower frequency.

Answer 34

False. In glottal fry the vocal folds take on a secondary, syncopated mode of vibration, such that there is a secondary beat for each cycle of the fundamental frequency.

Question 35

Why does fundamental frequency tend to increase when vocal intensity is increased?

Answer 35

Increases in intensity and fundamental frequency depend upon the same basic mechanism, so increase in the former is often accompanied by an increase in the latter

Question 36

Describe the three types of vocal attack, and relate specific phonetic contexts in which these types of attack occur during daily speech.

Answer 36

1. Simultaneous vocal attack: phonation initiated through simultaneous vocal folds adduction and expiration. 2. Breathy vocal Attack: phonation by initiating expiration before adduction of the vocal folds. 3. Glottal Attack (phonatory): occurs with the adduction of the vocal folds.

Question 37

The _________ are small indentions in the membranous fold between the epiglottis and the tongue.

Answer 37

valleculae

Question 38

To increase vocal intensity we _____ (increase/decrease) subglottal pressure.

Answer 38

increase

Question 39

What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 39

Cricothyoid lateral cricoaryenoid posterior cricoarytenoid thyrovocalis

Question 40

Which type of phonation is the result of inadequate approximation of the vocal folds during vibration?

Answer 40

breathy voice

Question 41

The point of union between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages is called

Answer 41

cricothyroid joint

Question 42

The primary frequency of vibration of the vocal folds is called

Answer 42

fundamental frequency

Question 43

When the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contracts the muscular process is pulled in which direction?

Answer 43

anteriorly

Question 44

This muscle courses from the sternum to the thyroid cartilage

Answer 44

sternothyroid

Question 45

T/F: In breathy phonation, the vocal folds fail to completely approximate during sustained phonation, allowing excessive escape of air through the glottis.

Answer 45

true

Question 46

The larynx is comprised of the

Answer 46

Thyroid cricoid arytenoid epiglottis

Question 47

The degree of force that may be applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact

Answer 47

medial compression

Question 48

Primary muscle associated with change in vocal fundamental frequency

Answer 48

cricothyroid

Question 49

The most common frequency used by an individual is

Answer 49

habitual pitch

Question 50

Frequency of vocal fold vibration that is most appropriate for an individual

Answer 50

optimal pitch

Question 51

_________ is another term for voicing

Answer 51

phonation

Question 52

The _______ is the cartilaginous structure housing the vocal folds.

Answer 52

larynx

Question 53

The true vocal folds are _______ (superior/inferior) to the false vocal folds.

Answer 53

inferior

Question 54

What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 54

Anterior digastric cricopharyngeus geniohyoid omohyoid

Question 55

Describe the interaction of the epiglottis and valleculae in terms of swallowing function.

Answer 55

The valleculae are variably sized spaces between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis, and serve as an overflow trap for any material that moves past the back of the tongue prior to inhalation of the swallow reflex.