Spinal Articulations Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
primary curve
A
anterior concavity
thoracic and sacral regions
2
Q
curvature of fetus?
A
primary curve
3
Q
secondary curve?
A
anterior convexity
develops in response to lifting head and walking
lumbar and cervical regions
4
Q
lordosis
A
exaggerated secondary curve
5
Q
kyphosis
A
exaggerated primary curve
6
Q
scoliosis
A
lateral S-shaped curve in any region of vertebral column
7
Q
zygopophyseal joint type?
A
synovial joint
8
Q
three major classifications of joints?
A
membranous, cartilagenous, synovial
9
Q
what has cartilagenous joint?
A
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
10
Q
two components of intervertebral disc?
A
annulus fibrosis
- cocentric lamellae
- each ring has 90 degree rotation
nucleus pulposus
- allows for movement
- hydrated gelatinous mass (more liquid)
11
Q
annulus fibrosis
A
outer fibrocartilagenous ring of the intervertebral disc
12
Q
nucleus pulposus
A
inner highly elastic, highly hydrated gelatinous
in center of the intervertebral disc
13
Q
what happens to IV discs as you age?
A
decrease in thickness due to dehydration
14
Q
shape of IV discs?
A
wedge shaped
- thicker anteriorly in cervical and lumbar
- assist with secondary curves
15
Q
attachment of IV disc?
A
above and below - hyaline cartilage to vertebral bodies
anterior/posterior to longitudinal spinal ligaments
16
Q
ruptured disc?
A
tear of annulus fibrosis
-leading to loss of integrity between contiguous vertebrae
17
Q
herniated disc?
A
tear of annulus fibrosis where the nucleus pulposus squeezes through rupture
18
Q
what happens during flexion and extension in the IV disc?
A
compression and elongation of the nucleus pulposus
19
Q
anterior longitudinal ligament
A
nice and broad
20
Q
posterior longitudinal ligament
A
serrated (on posterior of body)
21
Q
what is more of a problem with bulging of IV discs?
A
more of a problem posteriorly
-will impinge on the spinal cord
22
Q
rediculopathy?
A
pushing on a spinal root
23
Q
how many cervical nerves?
A
8
24
Q
how many thoracic nerves?
A
12
25
how many lumbar nerves
5
26
how many sacral nerves?
5
27
how many coccygeal nerves?
1 Co1
28
posterolateral herniation
push on the spinal nerve
29
posterior herniation
push on cord or cauda equina
30
L4-L5 herniation (posterolateral) will impinge what nerve?
LV5 spinal nerve
would see L5 rediculopathy
31
most common spaces of herniation?
LV4-5 to SV1
cervical and lumbar regions
32
anterior longitudinal spinal ligament layers?
deep layer with short fibers
-span contiguous vertebrae
superficial layer with long fibers
-span many vertebrae
33
function of anterior longitudinal spinal ligament?
prevents excessive extension
34
attachment of anterior longitudinal spinal ligaments?
anterior surface of all vertebrae
| -extends from basilar portion of occipital bone to sacrum
35
posterior longitudinal spinal ligament attachments?
posterior surface of all vertebral bodies
| -extends from occipital bone to sacrum
36
function of posterior lontigudinal spinal ligament?
prevents excessive flexion
37
posterior longitudinal spinal ligament layer?
deep layer with short fibers
| superficial layer with long fibers
38
posterior longitudinal spinal ligament and herniations?
pushes it posterolaterally
| -causes spinal nerve impingement
39
zygapophysis
facet joints of articulating surfaces between vertebrae
40
articulation of the cervical regions allow?
flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion
41
articulation of thoracic regions allow?
rotation, lateral flexion
little flexion and almost no extension
42
articulations of the lumbar regions allow?
flexion, extension, sidebending
| -very limited rotation
43
what limits the motion of the thoracic region?
presence of ribs
| -also long thoracic spinous processes and thin IV discs
44
what do thoracic vertebrae limit?
the anterior and posterior translocation
*bc of vertical coronal articulation
45
where is the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament widest?
as you descend the spinal column
46
ligamentum flavum
from lamina to lamina
slightly yellow in color ELASTIC
47
attachment of ligamentum flavum?
internal surfaces of adjacent laminae from CV2 down
48
function of ligamentum flavum?
maintaining upright posture by limiting flexion
| -aligns facet joints to return to normal posture
49
recoil memory
ability of ligamentum flavum to return to upright posture
50
what is the strong of the vertebral ligaments?
ligamentum flavum
51
interspinal ligament
attaches to adjacent spinous processe from tip to lamina
52
what changes in the interspinal ligaments as you go down?
most robust at lumbar level and insignificant in the thoracic and cervical regions
53
attachment of supraspinal ligament?
connects tips of spinous processe from CV7 to sacrum
54
two layers of supraspinal ligament?
deep - span adjacent spinous processes
| superficial - spans several vertebrae
55
continuity of the supraspinal ligament?
continuous on deep surface with interspinal ligament
continuous above CV7 with nuchal ligament
56
nuchal ligament
upward extension of the supraspinal ligament
extends from CV7 spinous processes to external occipital protuberance
57
function of nuchal ligament?
intermuscular septum for posterior deep muscles of the neck
provides muscle attachment without limiting extension of the cervical column
58
boundaries of the intervertebral foramen?
superior - inferior vertebral notch
inferior - superior vertebral notch
anterior - posterior portion of vertebra above and IV disc
posterior - facet joint between two opposing vertebrae
59
contents of the IV foramen?
```
dorsal/ventral roots
dorsal root ganglion
spinal nerve
spinal artery
intervertebral vein
```
60
atlantooccipital joint?
synovial joint
| between occipital condyles of skull and superior articular facets of CV1 (atlas)
61
action of atlantooccipital joint?
allows flexion and extension of neck
62
anterior atlantooccipital membrane?
between anterior margin of foramen magnum and anterior arch of atlas
63
posterior atlantooccipital membrane?
between posterior margin of foramen magnum and posterior arch of atlas
**has openings in lateral margins for passage of vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami of C1)
64
suboccipital nerve?
dorsal rami of C1
65
where do the atlantooccipital membranes fuse?
laterally with the joint capsule of the atlanto-occipital joints
66
tectorial membrane?
covers dens and its associated ligaments
extends from anterior foramen magnum
-where it fuses with the dura
to body of CV2 - fuses with posterior longitudinal ligament
67
atlantoaxial joint?
lateral atlantoaxial articulation
| median atlantoaxial articulation
68
lateral atlantoaxial articulation
gliding synovial joint between CV1 and CV2 articular processes
69
median atlantoaxial articulation
pivot synovial joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas
70
what makes of the cruciform ligament?
transverse ligament of the atlas
superior crus
inferior crus
71
transverse ligament of the atlas?
attaches to internal surface of anterior arch of atlas forming a socket between itself and the anterior arch (socket contains dens)
72
superior crus?
passes from transverse ligament of atlas superiorly to attach to anterior edge of foramen magnum
73
inferior crus?
passes from transverse ligament of atlas inferiorly to attach to posterior body of axis
74
apical dental ligament?
weak ligament passes from apex of dens to the anterior edge of foramen magnum
**deep to superior crus
75
alar ligaments
bilateral ligaments that arise from the dens lateral to the apical ligament and attach to the the occipital condyles
**tearing increases rotation 30%
76
anterior atlantoaxial membrane?
anterior arch of atlas to anterior body of axis
| -deep to the anterior longitudinal ligament
77
posterior atlantoaxial membrane?
posterior arch of atlas to lamina of axis
| -continuous with ligamentum flavum
78
check ligaments?
limit rotation
79
spondylolysis
defect (usually developmental - can be trauma) in pars interarticularis
80
pars interarticularis?
neural arch between the superior and inferior articulating processes
81
spondylolisthesis
bilateral defect in pars interarticularis that results in the vertebral column slides forward
82
most common site of spondylolisthesis
LV5-SV1
83
spinal artery
arise from vessels that parallel the vertebral column
- vertebral artery
- ascending cervical artery
- posterior intercostal arteries
- lumbar arteries
- iliolumbar artery
- lateral sacral arteries
**enter the IV foramina and branch
84
branches of the spinal artery?
osseus - like branches above and below to form plexuses
neural branches - provide radicular branches that enter dural sac along spinal nerve
85
osseus branches
branch of spinal artery
-within the vertebral canal (epidural space)
posterior to posterior longitudinal ligament and anterior to the ligamentum flavum
86
neural branches
provide radicular branches that enter the dural sac
87
segmental medullary arteries
neural branches that course along roots and connect with the anterior/posterior spinal arteries
**allow flow because can get blood to multiple levels
88
radicular arteries
supply to roots only (don't extend to the spinal arteries)
89
what is important during abdominal surgeries?
when clamping aorta important to ensure blood flow to the vertebral column
90
veins of vertebral column?
four venous plexuses
all four run entire length of spinal column
all four freely intercommunicate
NO valves
91
anterior external venous plexus
anterior surface of vertebral bodies
92
posterior external venous plexus
external surface of spinous, articular, and transverse processes
93
anterior internal venous plexus
in epidural space adjacent to posterior longitudinal spinal ligament
94
posterior internal venous plexus
in epidural space adjacent to lamina and ligamentum flavum
95
basivertebral veins
dran bodies of vertebrae to the anterior internal venous plexus
96
intervertebral veins
receive drainage from all four plexuses
-drain to vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral veins
97
Batson's Plexus
venous circulation of vertebral column
changes in intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressure along with lack of valves can lead to changes in flow
**allows for the metastatic spread of cancer and spread of infection to the vertebral column
