Spinal Column Practice Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
- How many bones are in the human body?
A
206
2
Q
- How many of these bones are part of the axial skeleton? What does the axial skeleton consist of?
A
80; skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column
3
Q
- How many of these bones are part of the appendicular skeleton? What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
A
126; arms, legs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
4
Q
- What are some shapes of bones?
A
Long, short, flat, irregular
5
Q
- What are sesamoid bones?
A
short bones that form in tendons
6
Q
- A patient walks into the ER with broken carpals and tarsals from a car accident. This patient has suffered injuries to ______ bones.
A
short bones
7
Q
- What is the structure of flat bones?
A
- Two layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched in between.
8
Q
How many moveable vertebrae are there in the spine?
A
24
9
Q
How many total vertebrae are there in the spine?
A
33
10
Q
- What is the first set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
- Cervical vertebrae, c1-c7
11
Q
- What is the second set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
- Thoracic vertebrae, t1-t12
12
Q
- What is the third set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
- Lumbar vertebrae, l1-l5
13
Q
- What is the fourth set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
- Sacrum, s1-s5
14
Q
- What is the fifth set of vertebrae called? What levels are these?
A
- Coccyx, co1-co4
15
Q
- What vertebrate is atlas? What about axis?
A
C1, C2
16
Q
- What joint joins the sacrum and coccyx?
A
- Sacrococcygeal joint
17
Q
- What do facet joints do?
A
- They allow us to flex and bend, allowing the first 24 moveable vertebrae glide over each other (aka Z joints)
18
Q
- There are two types of curvatures in a developing child, primary and secondary. Where is/are the primary curvatures found? What is another name for this?
A
- Thoracic and sacral curvatures are primary. Also known as kryphosis
19
Q
Where is/are secondary curvatures found? What is another name for this?
A
- Cervical and lumbar curvatures are secondary. Also known as lordosis
20
Q
- What parts of C1 do you need to know?
A
- Anterior and posterior archs with tubercles, lateral mess, transverse process, and transverse foramen (for the vertebral artery)
21
Q
C2 is the only vertebrate with what?
A
an odontoid
22
Q
- Cervical vertebrae have special spinous processes. What do we call these, and what do they look like?
A
- Bifod process, these have two little pointy ends
23
Q
- What is the space between the dens of C2 and atlas?
A
- Atlanto dens interval
24
Q
- Lamina are between what two parts of the vertebrae?
A
- Transverse and spinous processes
25
25. The _________ of a vertebra joins with the _______ of the vertebra inferior to it.
25. Inferior articular process joins with the superior articular process of the vertebrae inferior to it.
26
26. What holes do spinal nerves exit from?
26. Intervertebral foramen, IVF
27
28. What causes intervertebral discs to slowly thin out?
28. Gravity and loss of water with age (desiccation)
28
29. What type of cartilage is IV disc?
29. Fibrocartilage. Also very thin layers oh hyaline cartilage at the top and bottom of a disc.
29
30. An IV disc is composed of two main layers. What is the inner layer? Outer?
30. Inner is nucleus pulposus, outer is anulus fibrosus
30
31. What happens anatomically in a herniated disc?
31. The nucleus pulposus leaks out and often puts pressure on spinal nerves
31
32. Uncovertebral joints are also known as?
32. Joints of Luschka
32
33. What is an osteophyte?
33. A bone growth that is made when bones start touching and can cause painful arthritis
33
34. Supraspinous processes are connected on top with what? What about in between?
34. Spinous ligaments. Interspinous ligament.
34
35. The nuchal ligament is the __________ ligament above _-_, connected to the ______.
35. Supraspinous ligament above C-7, connected to external occipital protuberance (EOP).
35
36. Ligamenta flava, also known as _______, connects __________.
36. Ligamentum flavum connects lamina of each vertebrae
36
37. The posterior longitudinal ligament is from levels ___ to ____ and serves as primary attachment site for ______. Above level ____ it is referred to as the _______.
37. C2-sacrum, primary attachment site for IV discs. Above C2 it is the tectorial membrane.
37
38. The ligament limiting extension of the spine and traveling from sacrum to base of the skull is the _____.
anterior longitudinal ligament
38
The ______ joint is found between atlas and occipital bone.
atlanto-occipital joint
39
The ______ joint is found between C1 and C2.
atlanto-axial joint
40
41. The three main arteries coming off the aorta are?
41. Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
41
42. The brachiocephalic trunk branches into what arteries?
42. Right subclavian and right common carotid
42
43. The vertebral arteries eventually come together to form what?
43. Basilar artery
43
44. What are all the arteries that feed blood to the cervical spine?
44. Vertebral, ascending cervical, and deep cervical arteries all coming from subclavians
44
45. What arteries feed blood to the thoracic spine?
45. Posterior intercostal arteries and dorsal branch, arising from descending aorta
45
46. What does the posterior intercostal artery break off into, and what do they feed?
46. Periosteal artery (for periosteum of vertebrae) and equatorial artery (vertebral body)
46
47. Where do the lumbar arteries, which supply blood to lumbar vertebrae, originate from?
47. Abdominal aorta
47
48. What branches do the lumbar arteries give off?
48. Periosteal artery, equatorial artery, dorsal branch, and spinal branch
48
49. What drains into the anterior external vertebral venous plexus?
49. Anterior basivertebral veins from centrum
49
50. What drains into the posterior external venous plexus?
50. Spinous processes and lamina
50
51. What drains into the anterior and posterior internal vertebral plexuses (plexi? Not sure what the plural form is)?
51. Basivertebral vein
51
52. How many total spinal nerves are there?
52. 62. 31 pairs
52
53. What is the difference in epaxial and hypaxial?
53. Hypaxial segment makes the muscles that will form the ventral muscles, like arms and muscles, and even lats. Epaxial segments makes dorsal muscles that move the vertebral column.
53
54. What muscles are in the extrinsic superficial group?
54. Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids major, rhomboids minor
54
55. What muscles are in the intermediate extrinsic group?
55. Serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
55
56. Briefly explain the function of extrinsic muscles.
56. These muscles move the upper limbs and control respiration. They do NOT move the spine.
56
A minor muscle is always _____ in relation to the major muscle.
superior
57
58. What muscles are in the intrinsic (deep) superficial layer?
58. Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
58
Where would we find an origin point for a muscle? What about an insertion point?
59. Origin is always on the muscle that does not move. Insertion is on the movable bone.
59
60. Where is the origin/insertion of the splenius capitis?
60. Origin nuchal ligament and C7-T13. Insertion on mastoid process of temporal bone
60
61. Where is the origin/insertion of the splenius cervitis?
61. Origin T3-T6. Insertion C1-C3
61
62. What muscles make up the intermediate layer of the deep layer of muscles?
62. Together, these make the erector spinae group. Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
62
63. Name the muscles of the erector spinae group from lateral to medial
63. Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis. I Love Spinach
63
64. Where do the muscles of the erector spinae group originate?
64. Erector spinae aponeurosis
64
65. What are the two parts to the deep layer of intrinsic muscles?
65. Transversospinalis and segmental
65
66. What muscles make up the tranversospinales group?
66. Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
66
67. How many vertebrae does multifidus span?
3
67
68. How many segments does rotatores longus span?
2
68
70. What muscles makes up the segmental group?
70. Intertransversarii, interspinales
69
71. What are the muscles of the suboccipital triangle? **Hint: Dr. Decker loves the suboccipital triangle and its borders
71. Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, oblique capitis superior, oblique capitis inferior
70
72. What is the superomedial boundary of the suboccipital triangle?
72. Rectus capitis posterior major
71
73. What is the superolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle?
73. Obliquus capitis superior
72
74. What is the inferolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle?
74. Obliquus capitis inferior
73
75. What nerve innervates the muscles of the suboccipital triangle?
???
