Spinal cord, Ascending and Descending Pathways Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Somatosensory afferents and motor efferents to skeletal muscle travel via?
A
Spinal cord
2
Q
Somatosensory afferents and motor efferents to skeletal muscle travel via?
A
Spinal cord
3
Q
Functions of the spinal cord?
A
Receives primary afferent fibres from peripheral receptors in somatic and visceral structures
Sends motor axons to skeletal muscle
Provides communications highway between brain and periphery
Houses preganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system
Houses some preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
4
Q
What does the spinal cord give rise to?
A
31 paired spinal nerves
5
Q
Where do the anterior and posterior roots pass through?
A
Subarachnoid space
6
Q
When do the anterior and posterior roots stop passing through the subarachnoid space?
A
When they reach the appropriate intervertebral foramina
7
Q
As the posterior root passes through the foramina what enlarges it?
A
The posterior dorsal root ganglion
8
Q
When the roots fuse what does it form?
A
Spinal nerve
9
Q
What produces posterior and anterior rami?
A
Spinal nerves
10
Q
What is the spinal cord continuous with?
A
Medulla
11
Q
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
A
Ina tapered cone shape called the conus medularis
12
Q
What does the conus medularis continue as?
A
Connective tissue called filum terminale
13
Q
What is anchored to the dorsal of the coccyx?
A
Filum Terminale
14
Q
At what level does the spinal cord end?
A
L1
15
Q
The ventral and dorsal roots of L2 and lower spinal nerves and the filum terminate is a collection called?
A
Cauda Equina
16
Q
Where does the dural sac end?
A
S2
17
Q
The spinal meninges and cranial meninges are continuous via?
A
Foramen magnum
18
Q
What is the spinal cord suspended in the canal by?
A
Denticulate ligament
19
Q
What forms the denticulate ligament?
A
Pia and arachnoid tissue
20
Q
Where do the dorsal and ventral roots come together in?
A
Intervertebral canal
21
Q
The spinal cord is made up of an outer layer called?
A
White matter
22
Q
The spinal cord has an inner layer with a ‘H’ shape of?
A
Gray matter
23
Q
What does the white matter in the spinal cord consist of?
A
Longitudinally orientated nerve fibres, glial cells and blood vessles
24
Q
What does the grey matter in the spinal cord consist of?
A
Neuronal soma, cell processes, synapses, glia and blood vessels
25
What extends the length of the spinal cord?
Central canal
26
Where does the central canal open rostrally?
4th ventricle
27
Where is grey matter greatest in the spinal cord?
Cervical and lumbar regions
28
Where is white matter greatest in the spinal cord?
Cervical regions
29
What makes up the white matter?
Dorsal, lateral and ventral fasciculi
30
How many parts is the grey matter divided into within the spinal cord?
4
31
What are the parts of the grey matter?
Left and right ventral horns
| Left and right dorsal horns
32
What horn of the grey matter extends to the edge?
Dorsal
33
At the levels of T1 to L2 there is another horn called?
Lateral horn
34
What neurons does the lateral horn contain?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
35
How many Lamina is there?
10
36
What is lamina I?
Lamina marginalis
37
What is lamina II?
Substantia gelatinosa
38
What is lamina III?
Part of substantial gelatinosa and part of nucleus proprius
39
What is Lamina IV?
Part of nucleus proprius
40
Where is lamina V and VI found?
At the base of the dorsal horn
41
What cells give rise to the spinothalamic tract?
Tract cells
42
What does Lamina VII comprise of?
Intermediate horn
43
What lamina contains proprioceptive interneurons?
Lamina VIII
44
What lamina is a layer of alpha and gamma motorneurons?
Lamina IX
45
What lamina consists of the dorsal and ventral grey commissures?
Lamina X
46
What is overlying lamina I?
Tract of Lissauer
47
What is the tract of Lissauer?
A layer of white matter
48
Afferents divide into?
Ascending and Descending branches that travel in the tract of Lissauer
49
What roots do the radicular artier travel along?
Dorsal and ventral roots
50
Segmental veins drain into what?
Local vertebral plexuses
51
What is the space between the dura and the bone?
Epidural space
52
What does the epidural space contain?
Adipose tissue and the anterior and posterior epidural venus plexuses
53
What is the function of the corticspinal tract?
Control of precision and speed of skilled movements, particular of distal limb muscles
54
What are the ridges in the corticospinal tract?
Pyramids
55
What is another name for the corticospinal tract?
Pyramidal tract
56
Crossed fibres of the corticospinal tract form?
Lateral CST
57
Uncrossed fibres of the corticospinal tract form?
Ventral CST
58
Where do corticospinal fibres travel in?
The posterior limb of the internal capsule
59
Where does the corticospinal tract break into fibre bundles?
Anterior pons
60
Function of the Rubrospinal tract?
Excitatory control of tone of limb flexor muscles
61
Where do the fibres originate in the rubrospinal tract?
Red nucleus of midbrain
62
Where do the finer travel in the rubrospinal tract?
In the lateral column anterior to the lateral CST
63
What is the tract with inout mostly to cervical segments?
Tectospinal Tract
64
Where do the fibres of the tectospinal tract originate?
Superior colliculus
65
What tract functions to excitatory input to 'antigravity' extensor muscles?
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
66
Where do the fibres of the lateral vestibulospinal tract originate?
Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla
67
What does reticular formation from?
The central core of the brainstem
68
Where do fibres originate in the reticulospinal tract?
Areas of the reticular formation in pons and medulla
69
Function of reticulospinal tract?
Influencing of voluntary movement
70
Fibers that originate in the pins facilitate?
Extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements
71
What are the motor systems outside of the pyramidal tract referred to as?
Extrapyramidal system
72
Functions of the spinal cord?
Receives primary afferent fibres from peripheral receptors in somatic and visceral structures
Sends motor axons to skeletal muscle
Provides communications highway between brain and periphery
Houses preganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system
Houses some preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
73
What does the spinal cord give rise to?
31 paired spinal nerves
74
Where do the anterior and posterior roots pass through?
Subarachnoid space
75
When do the anterior and posterior roots stop passing through the subarachnoid space?
When they reach the appropriate intervertebral foramina
76
As the posterior root passes through the foramina what enlarges it?
The posterior dorsal root ganglion
77
When the roots fuse what does it form?
Spinal nerve
78
What produces posterior and anterior rami?
Spinal nerves
79
What is the spinal cord continuous with?
Medulla
80
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
Ina tapered cone shape called the conus medularis
81
What does the conus medularis continue as?
Connective tissue called filum terminale
82
What is anchored to the dorsal of the coccyx?
Filum Terminale
83
At what level does the spinal cord end?
L1
84
The ventral and dorsal roots of L2 and lower spinal nerves and the filum terminate is a collection called?
Cauda Equina
85
Where does the dural sac end?
S2
86
The spinal meninges and cranial meninges are continuous via?
Foramen magnum
87
What is the spinal cord suspended in the canal by?
Denticulate ligament
88
What forms the denticulate ligament?
Pia and arachnoid tissue
89
Where do the dorsal and ventral roots come together in?
Intervertebral canal
90
The spinal cord is made up of an outer layer called?
White matter
91
The spinal cord has an inner layer with a 'H' shape of?
Gray matter
92
What does the white matter in the spinal cord consist of?
Longitudinally orientated nerve fibres, glial cells and blood vessles
93
What does the grey matter in the spinal cord consist of?
Neuronal soma, cell processes, synapses, glia and blood vessels
94
What extends the length of the spinal cord?
Central canal
95
Where does the central canal open rostrally?
4th ventricle
96
Where is grey matter greatest in the spinal cord?
Cervical and lumbar regions
97
Where is white matter greatest in the spinal cord?
Cervical regions
98
What makes up the white matter?
Dorsal, lateral and ventral fasciculi
99
How many parts is the grey matter divided into within the spinal cord?
4
100
What are the parts of the grey matter?
Left and right ventral horns
| Left and right dorsal horns
101
What horn of the grey matter extends to the edge?
Dorsal
102
At the levels of T1 to L2 there is another horn called?
Lateral horn
103
What neurons does the lateral horn contain?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
104
How many Lamina is there?
10
105
What is lamina I?
Lamina marginalis
106
What is lamina II?
Substantia gelatinosa
107
What is lamina III?
Part of substantial gelatinosa and part of nucleus proprius
108
What is Lamina IV?
Part of nucleus proprius
109
Where is lamina V and VI found?
At the base of the dorsal horn
110
What cells give rise to the spinothalamic tract?
Tract cells
111
What does Lamina VII comprise of?
Intermediate horn
112
What lamina contains proprioceptive interneurons?
Lamina VIII
113
What lamina is a layer of alpha and gamma motorneurons?
Lamina IX
114
What lamina consists of the dorsal and ventral grey commissures?
Lamina X
115
What is overlying lamina I?
Tract of Lissauer
116
What is the tract of Lissauer?
A layer of white matter
117
Afferents divide into?
Ascending and Descending branches that travel in the tract of Lissauer
118
What roots do the radicular artier travel along?
Dorsal and ventral roots
119
Segmental veins drain into what?
Local vertebral plexuses
120
What is the space between the dura and the bone?
Epidural space
121
What does the epidural space contain?
Adipose tissue and the anterior and posterior epidural venus plexuses
122
What is the function of the corticspinal tract?
Control of precision and speed of skilled movements, particular of distal limb muscles
123
What are the ridges in the corticospinal tract?
Pyramids
124
What is another name for the corticospinal tract?
Pyramidal tract
125
Crossed fibres of the corticospinal tract form?
Lateral CST
126
Uncrossed fibres of the corticospinal tract form?
Ventral CST
127
Where do corticospinal fibres travel in?
The posterior limb of the internal capsule
128
Where does the corticospinal tract break into fibre bundles?
Anterior pons
129
Function of the Rubrospinal tract?
Excitatory control of tone of limb flexor muscles
130
Where do the fibres originate in the rubrospinal tract?
Red nucleus of midbrain
131
Where do the finer travel in the rubrospinal tract?
In the lateral column anterior to the lateral CST
132
What is the tract with inout mostly to cervical segments?
Tectospinal Tract
133
Where do the fibres of the tectospinal tract originate?
Superior colliculus
134
What tract functions to excitatory input to 'antigravity' extensor muscles?
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
135
Where do the fibres of the lateral vestibulospinal tract originate?
Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla
136
What does reticular formation from?
The central core of the brainstem
137
Where do fibres originate in the reticulospinal tract?
Areas of the reticular formation in pons and medulla
138
Function of reticulospinal tract?
Influencing of voluntary movement
139
Fibers that originate in the pins facilitate?
Extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements
140
What are the motor systems outside of the pyramidal tract referred to as?
Extrapyramidal system
