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Anatomy Exam 4 > Spinal cord & brain > Flashcards

Spinal cord & brain Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What make up the spinal meninges & spaces?

A

From SF to deep:

  • Epidural
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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2
Q

How do you administer an epidural block?

A

Insert needle into epidural space at sacral hiatus or in lumbar region

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3
Q

What forms the dural sac around the spinal cord? Where does it terminate?

A

Dura mater

- Terminates at S2

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4
Q

What spinal space contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid

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5
Q

Describe: lumbar cistern

A
  • Enlargement of subarachnoid in lower lumbar region

- Terminates at S2

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6
Q

Describe denticulate ligaments & their fxn

A
  • Lateral extensions of pia mater
  • Pass through arachnoid & attach to internal surface of dura mater
  • Anchors spinal cord
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7
Q

Describe: cervical enlargement

A
  • Ventral rami give rise to brachial plexus

- (C4 - T1)

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8
Q

Describe: lumbosacral enlargement

A
  • Ventral rami give rise to lumbosacral plexus

- (L1 - S3)

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9
Q

What fraction of the vertebral canal is occupied by the spinal cord?

A

2/3

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10
Q

What is the conus medullaris composed of?

A

Sacral spinal cord segements

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11
Q

Where does the conus medullaris terminate?

A

L1 or L2

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12
Q

Describe a lumbar puncture

A
  • Extracts CSF from subarachnoid
  • Needle inserted into L3-L4 or L4-L5 interlaminar space
  • Use iliac crests (L4) as landmark
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13
Q

Why does the length of the dorsal & ventral roots increase as you move inferiorly?

A

Due to increasing distance btwn spinal cord segments & corresponding vertebrae

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14
Q

What forms the cauda equina?

A

Elongated lumbosacral dorsal & ventral roots

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15
Q

Where is the cauda equina located?

A

Within the lumbar cistern of subarachnoid

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16
Q

How do you perform a subarachnoid block?

A
  • Anesthetic agent is injected into lumbar cistern

- Affects dorsal & ventral roots

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17
Q

Where does the filum terminale extend from & descend to?

A

From tip of conus medullaris to roots of cauda equina

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18
Q

What does the filum terminale consist of?

A

Pia mater & remnants of caudal spinal cord

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19
Q

What does the filum terminale penetrate?

A

The dural sac, taking on layers of arachnoid & dura mater

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20
Q

Why does the filum terminale pass through the sacral hiatus?

A

To attach to the coccyx

- Anchors spinal cord inferiorly

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21
Q

Where are ventral & dorsal roots located?

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A

Within vertebral canal

22
Q

Where are dorsal root ganglia located?

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A

In intervertebral foramina

23
Q

What are the 2 components of the skull?

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A
  • Neurocranium

- Viscerocranium

24
Q

What is the neurocranium composed of?

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A
  • Calvaria (roof)

- Basicranium (floor, contains foramina for vessels)

25
Fontanelles
Membranous areas that provide flexibility (esp. for childbirth) & allow for subsequent growth of brain
26
Pterion
Jxn of frontal, parietal, sphenoid, & temporal bones
27
What is a potential consequence of a pterion fracture?
Rupture of the middle meningeal a. --> epidural hematoma (fatal if left un-tx)
28
Fxn of middle meningeal a.
Provides blood supply to dura mater
29
What are the 2 layers of the dura mater? What are they innervated by?
- External periosteal layer - Internal meningeal layer - Innervated by branches of trigeminal & vagus (important in headache & migraine pain)
30
Dura-arachnoid jxn
May develop as a result of trauma --> dural border hematoma
31
What are arachnoid granulations involved in?
The transfer of CSF to venous system
32
What are the 4 types of dural reflections?
- Falx cerebri - Tentorium cerebelli - Falx cerebelli - Diaphragm sellae
33
Where is the falx cerebri located & where does it attach?
- Btwn cerebral hemispheres in sagittal plan - Anterior attachment = frontal crest & crest galli - Posterior = occipital bone
34
Where is the tentorium cerebelli located & where does it attach?
- Btwn occipital lobes of cerebrum & cerebellum in transverse plan - Anterior attachment = posterior clinoid processes & petrous ridge - Posterior = occipital & parietal bones
35
Where is the falx cerebelli located?
Btwn cerebellar hemispheres in sagittal plane
36
Where is the diaphragm sellae located & where does it attach?
- Forms roof over pituitary gland, but allows passage of infundibulum & vv. - Attaches to clinoid processes
37
Where is the dural venous sinuses located?
Btwn periosteal & meningeal layers of dura
38
Fxn of dural venous sinuses
- Receive blood from brain | - Drain blood into IJV
39
Where is the superior sagittal sinus?
Within superior border of falx cerebri
40
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?
Within inferior border of falx cerebri
41
What forms the straight sinus & where is it locate?
- Formed by union of great cerebral v. & inferior sagittal sinus - Lies at jxn of falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli
42
Confluence of sinuses
Formed by union of superior sagittal, straight, & occipital sinuses
43
Transverse sinuses
- Pass laterally from confluence of sinuses | - Within posterior border of tentorium cerebelli
44
Sigmoid sinuses
- Continuation of transverse sinuses once they exit tentorium cerebelli - Form deep grooves in occipital & temporal bones - Continuous w/ IJV at jugular foramen
45
Cavernous sinuses
Venous plexuses located on either side of the hypophyseal fossa
46
Where do the cavernous sinuses drain into?
- Superior petrosal sinus posteriorly - Inferior petrosal sinus posteriorly - Pterygoid plexus inferiorly
47
What structures pass through the cavernous sinuses?
- Internal carotid a. | - Abducent n.
48
What structures are found within the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses?
- Oculomotor n. - Trochlear n. - Ophthalmic n. - Maxillary n.
49
Cavernous sinus syndrome
- Damage to structures passing through cavernous sinus | - Caused by tumors, arterial rupture or infection
50
Vertebral aa (posterior circulation)
- Branches of subclavian - Travel superiorly within transverse foramina of C6-C1 - Enter cranium via foramen magnum - Give rise to basilar a --> posterior cerebral aa --> posterior communicating aa
51
Internal carotid aa (anterior circulation)
- Enter carotid canal in temporal bone & pass through cavernous sinus - Give rise to ophthalmic a., anterior cerebral a., & middle cerebral a.
52
Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)
- Anastomoses of anterior & posterior circulations | - Internal carotid, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral

Anatomy Exam 4 (4 decks)

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