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Anatomy Axial Test > Spine and Thorax > Flashcards

Spine and Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What much of our weight does the vertebral column support?

A

2/3

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2
Q

Describe the development of curves of the spine.

A
  • newborns are kyphotic
  • cervical lordosis develops next, when posterior neck muscles develop
  • then lumbar lordosis
  • stable at puberty
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3
Q

Spinal nerve exits where?

A

-in the intervertebral foramen

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4
Q

What are distinguishing features of C3-C7 vertebrae?

A
  • small body
  • uncinate processes on vertebral body and articulate and create uncovertebral joints
  • C3-C6 have bifid spinous processes
  • transverse foramen for the vertebral artery to run through
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5
Q

What are the distinguishing features of C1?

A
  • no vertebral body

- no spinous process, just has a posterior tubercle on the posterior side

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6
Q

What are the distinguishing features of C2/axis?

A

-dens/odontoid process that sits in the anterior section of the C1 foramen

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7
Q

What are the distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • vertebral bodies get taller and broader
  • spinous process angled inferior
  • transverse processes angled posteriorly
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8
Q

Where do the ribs articulate?

A

-the transverse process and vertebral body of the thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

What are the costal facets? Where are they on the thoracic vertebra?

A
  • articulation of rib and vertebrae
  • superior and inferior costal facets on vertebral body
  • transverse costal facet (except on T11-T12)
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10
Q

What are the distinguishing features of lumbar?

A

-largest bodies and thickest spinous processes

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11
Q

How many articulations does a vertebra have? thoracic vertebra?

A
  • 6

- 12

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12
Q

What role does each of these play in motion: intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles?

A
  • relative height of discs relative to height of vertebral body dictate amount of motion
  • facet joints guide direction of motion
  • ligaments prevent excessive motion
  • muscles control motion
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13
Q

What type of joint is the intervertebral disc? What tissue is it made of? What is its function? How does it contribute to the curvature of the spine?

A
  • symphysis joint
  • made of fibrocartilage
  • function as shock absorber
  • thicker as you move inferiorly
  • can be thicker or thinner anteriorly to help shape spine
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14
Q

What 2 parts makes up the intervertebral discs? What is this anatomy important?

A
  • nucleus pulposus - gelatinous and water
  • annulus fibrosus: outer layer- concentric sheets of collagen with high tensile strength; inner layer- attach to hyaline cartilage of adjacent vertebrae
  • axial compression: nucleus pulposus pushes out to transform compressive load to tensile load and annulus fibrosus able to handle that force
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15
Q

How can a herniation occur? What happens when nucleus pulposus becomes dehydrated?

A
  • annular fibrosus loses elasticity during aging and then can’t keep in the converted tensile load; thus the nucleus pulposus protrudes out
  • lose water content, becomes shorter and decreases shock absorption
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16
Q

What type of joint is the facet joint? What is the angulation of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar facets? What types of movement do they allow for?

A
  • synovial
  • cervical: 45 and increased mobility in all planes
  • thoracic: nearly vertical: allows for rotation and lateral flexion
  • lumbar: nearly vertical but face medially: allows for flexion/extension
17
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the vertebral body? Where do they run? What are there fxns?

A
  • anterior longitudinal lig’t: attach to vertebral bodies of sacrum to C1
    - limits extension
  • posterior longitudinal lig’t: attaches to posterior vertebral bodies and discs of sacrum to C2
    - limits flexion
18
Q

What is the ligament of the lamina? Where does it run? What is its fxns?

A
  • ligamentum flavum: attaches lamina to adjacent lamina
    • limits flexion
    • reinforces vertebral canal wall posteriorly
19
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the transverse and spinous processes? Where do they run? What are there fxns?

A
  • interspinous ligaments: between spinous process
    • limits flexion
  • intertransverse ligaments: between transverse processes
    • limits flexion
  • supraspinous ligaments: run on outside of spinous processes
    • limits contralateral lateral flexion
20
Q

What is the cervical continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament? What is its function?

A
  • anterior atlanto-axial membrane
  • anterior atlanto-occiptal membrane
  • limit extension
21
Q

What is the cervical continuation of the posterior longiudinal ligament? What is its function?

A
  • tectorial membrane from C2-occiput

- limit flexion

22
Q

What is the cervical continuation of the ligament flavum? What is its function?

A
  • posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
  • posterior atlantoaxial membrane
  • limits flexion
23
Q

What is the cervical continuation of the supraspinous ligament? What is its function? When is it typically injured during?

A
  • ligmentum nuchae from C7 to skull
  • helps keep cervical spine extended
  • whiplash
24
Q

What 2 ligaments are unique to cervical vertebrae? What are there functions?

A
  • cruciform ligament: transverse lig’t from atlas to atlas (wrapping around dense) to support dens and longitudinal fasiclse from occiput to axis
    • holds in dense
    • prevents anterior movement of C1 on C2
  • alar ligament: from lateral dens to occiput
    • limits lateral flexion of C1, C2, occiput
25
Q

What restricts spinal flexion?

A
  • supraspinous
  • interspinous
  • posterior longitudinal
  • ligamentum flavum
26
Q

What restricts spinal extension?

A
  • anterior longitudinal

- spinous processes

27
Q

What is the functional unit of the vertebral column?

A

-2 vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc

28
Q

What muscles make up the suboccipital triangle? What structures come out of it? What N comes out below it?

A

-obliquus capitus inferior
-obliquus capitus superior
-rectus capitus posterior major
STRUCTURES
-vertebral A
-suboccipital N
*note: greater occipital N separates semispinalis and spinalis capitis and comes out below this triangle

29
Q

What are the anterior rib articulations? What types of joints are these? Which ribs do not have cartilage? Which are the false ribs?

A
  • costochondral in ribs 1-10 (synchondroses joint)
  • sternocostal in true ribs 1-7 (synovial gliding joints in ribs 2-7; cartilaginous in rib 1)
  • ribs 11-12
  • ribs 8-10 connect to rib 7 cartilage
30
Q

What are the posterior rib articulations?

A
  • costotransverse (costal tubercle articulates with transverse costal facet)
  • costovertebral (head of rib articulates with vertebral body)
31
Q

Which ribs also articulate with superior vertebral bodies?

A

ribs 2-10

32
Q

What ligaments support costovertebral joints?

A

-radiate ligament (capsular ligament)

33
Q

What ligaments support costotransverse joints?

A
  • superior costotransverse (from costal neck to superior transverse process)
  • proper costotransverse (from head and neck of rib to tubercle)
  • lateral costotransverse (from posterior rib to tubercle)
34
Q

How do ribs move in respiration?

A

-pivot: move up and out during inspiration

35
Q

What is the O, I, A of diaphragm?

A

O: lower margins of ribs 7-12
I: R and L crura
A: contracts to increase thoracic cavity volume, volume increases so pressure decreases and air comes in

36
Q

What is the O, I of the internal and external intercostals?

A

-internal: runs down and back to lower rib
-external: runs down and forward to lower rib
increase volume of thoracic cavity

37
Q

What is the function of the rectus sheath?

A

has tendinous insertions that provide a stable attachment for the rectus abdominis

38
Q

What is the linea alba, line of fusion, and arcuate line?

A
  • linea alba: aponeuroses from xyphoid process to pubic symphysis
  • line of fusion: fusion of IO, EO, and TA aponeuroses lateral to the rectus abdominis
  • arcuate line: above arcuate IO, EO, and TA ligaments surround the rectus abdominis; below arcuate all 3 muscles come together and run above rectus abdmoninis (stronger)

Anatomy Axial Test (3 decks)

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