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SPIROCHETES Flashcards

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1
Q

FAMILY- Leptospiraceae

FAMILY- Spirochaetaceae

A

GENUS- Leptospira

GENUS- Treponema, Borrelia

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2
Q

In what part of the spirochetes bacteria, flagella is located

A

Periplasmic space

  • periplasmic space is between outer membrane and protoplasmic cylinder
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3
Q

General structure of Spirochetes

A
  • slender, helically shaped
  • FREE LIVING
  • has periplasmic flagella (endoflagella)
  • can use CARBOHYDRATES, AMINO ACIDS,LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, AND FATTY ALCOHOLS as energy sources.
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4
Q

Mode of reproduction for Treponema spp.

A
  • Transverse fission
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5
Q

Mode of reproduction for Leptospira and Borrelia

A
  • Binary fission
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6
Q

General characteristic:

LEPTOSPIRES - L. interrogans

A
  • obligate aerobes
  • impregnated with SILVER STAIN
  • Visible by dark-field, phase-contrast, and immunofluorescent microscopy.
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7
Q

Which of the following organisms can be demonstrated through dark-field microscopy and are obligate aerobes?

T. pallidum subsp. pallidum
B. recurrentis
L. interrogans

A
  • L. interrogans
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8
Q

Culture media of choice for L. interrogans

A

Artificial media:
Fletcher semisolid medium,
Stuart liquid medium or Ellinghausen-
McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) semisolid medium

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9
Q

What is the purpose of providing a semi-solid medium for Leptospire spp.

A
  • to promote locomotion for the organism
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10
Q

Virulence factors:

     Leptospire spp.
A
  • Hemolysin
  • may cause reduced phagocytosis in the host
  • sub-strains may produce endotoxin
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11
Q

What is the usual incubation period of the Leptospire in the body

A
  • 10-12 days or 1-2 weeks

pinakadugay is 1 month

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12
Q

This occurs in severe systemic disease of Leptospire infection

A
  • Weil disease

a bacterial infection and severe form of Leptospira
involves renal and hepatic failure
causes intravascular disease

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13
Q

In serologic testing, in the first week of infection what Ab is increased

A
  • IgM

IgM antibodies to Leptospira species detected suggesting recent infection

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14
Q

In cases of infection IgG will start to increase when

A

secondary response in cases of:

- recovery from disease
- convalescence
- chronic disease
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15
Q

Serologic test for Leptospira

A
  • ELISA (test to detect ab for infenction)

- Macroscopic Slide agglutination “gold standard”

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16
Q

What does leptospiremia indicate

A
  • organism is able to penetrate vascular system

after one week of infection: collect blood and CSF for presence of bacteria

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17
Q

Specimen of choice:

Leptospires

A
  • fresh specimen

- urine

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18
Q

Drug of choice:

Leptospires

A

Susceptible in vitro to:
streotpmycin, etracyline and macrolides

MOST EFFECTIVE: PENICILLIN
shorten course of illness: doxycyline

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19
Q

Disease cause by Borrelia burgdorferi

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A

Lyme disease/ Lyme borreliosis

20
Q

Condition commonly associated with Borrelia spp.

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A

Relapsing fever

Tick- borne (endemic)
Louse-borne (epidemic)

  • except B. burgdorferi
21
Q

Serologic testing:

Borrelia app.

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A
  • seen in Bright-field microscopy using a blood smear stained in Giemsa or Wright stain.
22
Q

Giemsa/ Wright Stain components

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A

eosin (red) and methylene blue (azure)

23
Q

Culture medium for Borrelia spp.

24
Q

Way to evade phagocytosis: Virulence factor

Borrelia

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A
  • complement suppression
  • antigenic variation

capable of binding plasminogen to its surface —-> activating plasmin —-> leading to tissue protein digestion

25
Incubation period: Borrelia spp.
2-15 days - ↑ temp, rigors, severe headache, muscle pain, and weakness
26
3 stages of Lyme Disease
- Early infection Erythema migrans appears - Dissemination 2nd skin lesion lymphadenopathy/ spleenomegaly joint and bone pain - Latemanifestations cardiac and muscoloskeletal abnormality in moths to years: ARTHRITIS
27
What disease complication is referred as skin lesion that develops at the tick bite site? Chancre Gumma erythema migrans
erythema migrans - erythema (reddish) on the bite site
28
General characteristic: T. pallidum
- thin, spiral | - visualized in DARK-FIELD
29
Clinically significant spp of Treponema spp.
``` • T. pallidum subsp. pallidum- venereal syphilis • T. pallidum subsp. pertenue- YAWS • T. pallidum subsp. Endemicum- endemic syphilis (BEJEL) • T. carateum- pinta ```
30
T. pallidum spp. has the ability too _____ thus infecting the fetus in pregnant women (CONGENITAL SYPHILIS)
- cross placenta and mucous membranes
31
3 stages of venereal (sexually acquired) syphilis
Primary stage - occurs after incubation - appearance of CHANCRE -not painful Secondary stage - occur after 2-12 weeks - Skin rashes and/or mucous membrane lesions (sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus) - condyloma latum - most critical Tertiary stage - painful skin lesion - GUMMA - neurosyphilis
32
where do Treponema pallidum usually resides in the human body
Women: vagina and cervix Men: Penis
33
In which stage of syphilis is diagnosis only performed by using serological methods? Primary Secondary Tertiary Latent
- Lattent (?) since no symptoms are seen during this stage
34
Specimen of choice: Treponema pallidum
- serous transudate put in slide ----> dillute in saline---> for viewing in DF microscopy
35
Serologic testing: Non- treponemal test
Non- treponemal - initial testng - detects REAGENIC (form against lipids from damaged cells) antibodies - VDRL & RPR (uses charcoal particles as indicator)
36
Serologic testing: Treponemal test
Treponemal test - confirmatory for (+) non-treponemal test - detect Abs specific for antigens - TP-PA (T. pallidum particulate agglutination) & FTA- ABS (flourescent treponemal abs absorption)
37
Which of the following test uses charcoal particles as indicator to enhance reaction and can be read macroscopically? VDRL EIA FTA-ABS RPR
- RPR (rapid plasma reagin) agglutination of black particles
38
Serologic testing: Treponemal test- TP-PA
T. pallidum particulate agglutination - uses gelatin particles sensitized with T. pallidum antigens
39
Serologic testing: Treponemal test- FTA- ABS
Flourescent treponemal abs absorption - uses flourescent labeled antihuman Abs
40
Choice of Drug: Syphilis
- PENICILLIN
41
What is the causative agent of bejel? T. pallidum subsp. endemicum T. pallidum subsp. pallidum T. carateum
T. pallidum subsp. endemicum/ BEJEL T. pallidum subsp. pallidum - causes venereal syphilis T. carateum - causes PINTA
42
Which of the following organisms causes complement suppression? and what chemical causes such reaction? (for 2 points) * L. interrogans; hemolysin Hemolysin; B. burgdorferi B. burgdorferi; urokinase-type plasminogen activator urokinase-type plasminogen activator; L. interrogans
B. burgdorferi; urokinase-type plasminogen activator - Hemolysin; B. burgdorferi hemolysin is for L. interrogans - urokinase-type plasminogen activator; L. interrogans urokinase is for B. burgdorferi
43
Which of the following test uses antibodies that develop against lipids from damaged cells? FTA-ABS RPR TP-PA
RPR FTA- is flourescence TP- PA uses gelatin
44
What is the incubation period of Primary syphilis? * 1-3 months after infection 1-3 months afters showing the appearance of chancre 1 year after generalized lymphadenopathy
1-3 months after infection
45
Which of the following is the mode of detection of pathogenic leptospires? Direct staining Intravital staining Impregnation
Impregnation using SIlver stain

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