Sports psych continued (2.2)

Question 1

Aggression: instinct theory (nature) -

Answer 1

if its innate then how can some people control it

suggests all humans should react the same - very simplistic

Question 2

social learning theory - aggression

Answer 2

aggression learned from copying others

performer can learn to be/not to be aggressive

Question 3

Frustration - aggression hypothesis explained

Answer 3

.originally stated frustration always leads to aggression

.later revised to state frustration can lead to aggression, but not sufficient enough on its own

Question 4

frustration - aggression hypothesis model

Answer 4

success/catharsis
l
drive to goal- obstacle-frustration- aggression
l
punishment (back to 3)

Question 5

frustration - aggression negatives

Answer 5

assumes frustration will lead to aggression

Question 6

aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 6

.when individual is frustrated, arousal increases - leading to readiness to be aggressive
.arousal leads to aggression
.specific cues can lead to aggression e.g certain ops

Question 7

Social Facilitaion

Answer 7

positive influence of the presence of others

Question 8

social inhibitation

Answer 8

negative influence of presence of others on performance

Question 9

3 factors affecting social facilitation/inhibitation

Answer 9

personality of performer
type of skill
level of experience

Question 10

evaluation apprehension

Answer 10

when performers arousal/anxiety levels increase due to judgement from audience

Question 11

strategies to limit inhibition

Answer 11

selective attention
positive self talk
visualisation
practise in front of audience
positive reinforcement from others
over learn skills
play down events importance

Question 12

effects of an audience theories

Answer 12

conflict theory (Baron)
proximity effect (Schwarz)
Home advantage effect

Question 13

conflict theory (baron)

Answer 13

.spectators demand same amount of attention as sports situation (bigger crowd = more distracting)
.suggests simple skills performed better than complex skills in front of a crowd

Question 14

proximity effect (Schwarz)

Answer 14

.location of audience in relation to audience effect social facilitation/inhibition
.closer the audience the grater the effect

Question 15

Home advantage effect

Answer 15

.large supportive crowd provides home side with advantage

.stronger audience = stronger effect

Question 16

group and team dynamics theories

Answer 16

Tuckman

Ringleman effect

Question 17

Tuckman stages of group development

Answer 17

forming
storming
norming
performing

Question 18

Forming

Answer 18

first time group comes together
anxiety/uncertainty
non committal relationships
led by coach
uncertain goals

Question 19

Storming

Answer 19

conflict
sub groups form
leader takes advisory role
start to develop goals
roles start establishing

Question 20

Norming

Answer 20

positive
offer + accept criticism
open communication
maintain team rules
better working relationships

Question 21

Performing

Answer 21

trust + accept each other
players take leadership roles
direct energy to achieving goals
strong team cohesion
disagreements settled efficiently

Question 22

Ringleman effect

Answer 22

more members = less individual effort

rope pulling experiment

Question 23

Social loafing causes

Answer 23

individuals feel others not trying
lacking confidence
perceive tasks as hard
if person had bad past experience

Question 24

Steiner’s model of group effectiveness

Answer 24

actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Question 25

Steiner's model explained

Answer 25

explains why you can use best individuals but not perform well as a team

Question 26

Steiner - faulty process

Answer 26

either a coordination problem, or | motivational problem

Question 27

Steiner - potential productivity

Answer 27

best performance of the team

Question 28

Steiner - coordination problems

Answer 28

breakdown in teamwork/communication (Ringleman effect)

Question 29

Steiner - motivational problems

Answer 29

if some performers are more motivated than others

Question 30

Leadership qualities

Answer 30

``` good communication adaptable experienced confident knowledgeable empathetic motivated clear goals ```

Question 31

3 styles of leadership

Answer 31

autocratic democratic Laissez-Faire

Question 32

autocratic leader style

Answer 32

``` didactic: high control make all decisions forming/storming cognitive stage of learning ```

Question 33

democratic leader style

Answer 33

listens to views/advice of others | norming stage

Question 34

Laissez-Faire leader style

Answer 34

gives autonomy to group performing stage autonomous stage of learning

Question 35

emergent leader

Answer 35

leader elected from within the group

Question 36

emergent leader positives

Answer 36

readily accepted by group understand how members communicate already shown commitment to group

Question 37

emergent leader negatives

Answer 37

.may focus on keeping everyone happy rather than focus on achieving .less respect when team not treated same as before

Question 38

Prescribed leader

Answer 38

new leader being appointed from outside the group

Question 39

prescribed leader positives

Answer 39

more objective more authority more focused on achieving than keeping everyone happy new ideas more likely to be experienced motivating for players previously left out

Question 40

prescribed leader negatives

Answer 40

go through forming/storming stages again | if replacing popular leader, may cause hostility

Question 41

Challedurai's mutildimensional model of sports leadership

Answer 41

situational characteristics -> required/prefered behaviour leader characteristics -> actual behaviour - performance/satisfaction member characteristics -> prefered/required behaviour

Question 42

Chelladurai theory

Answer 42

.people learn to be leaders through social learning and interactions with environment .the more elements that match, the more effective the leadership

Question 43

trait theory of leadership

Answer 43

leaders have innate/genetic predisposition to leadership qualities

Question 44

trait theory of leadership +

Answer 44

predict leaders

Question 45

trait theory of leadership -

Answer 45

implies leader of one thing can lead any need experience to be a good leader suggests people cant change

Question 46

social learning theory of leadership

Answer 46

leadership qualities are learned from copying others

Question 47

social learning theory of leadership +

Answer 47

takes into account environment | explains why we change our ability of leadership over time

Question 48

social learning theory of leadership -

Answer 48

doesnt account for genetics

Question 49

interactionist approach to leadership

Answer 49

certain innate qualities, however only shown in certain situations

Question 50

interactionist approach to leadership +

Answer 50

explains why people can lead some activities but not others

Question 51

interactionist approach to leadership -

Answer 51

implies you cant develop to learn a new activity

Question 52

stress def

Answer 52

the perception of the inability to cope | mental or emotional strain

Question 53

causes of stress in sport

Answer 53

fear of failure strong sense of needing to win genetic disposition towards stress previously made errors in similar situation fear of not being able to keep u with peers

Question 54

cognitive stress management techniques

Answer 54

``` positive self talk negative thought stopping imagery rational thinking goal setting mindfulness - ZOOF ```

Question 55

somatic stress management techniques

Answer 55

relaxation progressive muscular relaxation centring biofeedback

Question 56

progressive muscular relaxation

Answer 56

contracting and relaxing different muscle groups slowly

Question 57

centring

Answer 57

redirect energy to centre of body | e.g breathing techniques

Question 58

biofeedback

Answer 58

use different kinds of equipment to gather physiological data (e.g heart rate) to aid understanding, acceptance and management

Question 59

sport confidence def

Answer 59

belief or general disposition an individual has about their ability to be successful in sport.

Question 60

self efficacy def

Answer 60

self confidence we have in certain situations

Question 61

3 things sports confidence can impact

Answer 61

performance participation self esteem

Question 62

sport confidence impact on performance

Answer 62

``` high s.c leads to: positive outcomes more successful more skilful more likely to take risks ```

Question 63

sport confidence impact on participation

Answer 63

high s.c leads to: more likely to take part more likely to compete more likely to try new activities

Question 64

sport confidence impact on self esteem

Answer 64

high s.c leads to: | high self esteem

Question 65

Vealey's model explained

Answer 65

.in every situation there is existing level of sc-trait and competitive orientation .the amounts of these determine how much s.c there is in a situation (s.c state) .level of s.c state determines behaviour shown/skill level

Question 66

Bandura theory of self efficacy

Answer 66

if expect to have low self efficacy then will avoid activity | if expect to have high self efficacy then more likely to want to take part

Question 67

Bandura 4 types of information (effects on se)

Answer 67

performance accomplishments vicarious experiences verbal persuasion emotional arousal

Question 68

Bandura performance accomplishments

Answer 68

strongest influence on s.e | if success experienced in past (especially from controllable factors) then s.c increased

Question 69

Bandura - vicarious experiences

Answer 69

if we see someone else be successful, we are more likely to have high self efficacy - especially if they are at a similar level to us

Question 70

Bandura - verbal persuasion

Answer 70

if we are encouraged to try new skill/activity, we are more likely to have high self efficacy - level varies depending on significance of persuader

Question 71

Bandura - emotional arousal

Answer 71

level of arousal can affect our self efficacy. If you have strategies to control arousal, more likely to have high self efficacy