Spotter Qs Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Which congenital heart defect can be identified in this image?
Patent foramen ovale
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
A
Which congenital heart defect can be identified in this image?
Patent foramen ovale
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
2
Q
which muscles move the arm into this position? [2]
A
deltoid
supraspinatous
3
Q
which cranial nerve is affected in this patient?
A
trigeminal
4
Q
which segmental level is being assessed here?
A
S1
5
Q
structure E is WHAT? [1]
A
white ramus
6
Q
In this cross section of a peripheral nerve, what type of fibre has a morphology as illustrated by C?
- C axon
- A-beta axon
- A-gamma axon
- A-alpha axon
- A-delta axon
A
In this cross section of a peripheral nerve, what type of fibre has a morphology as illustrated by C?
- C axon
- A-beta axon
- A-gamma axon
- A-alpha axon
* *5. A-delta axon**
7
Q
Which pathway runs through the region indicated by the asterisk?
- Lateral lemniscus
- Spinothalamic tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Corticospinal tractt
- Spinocerebellar tract
A
Which pathway runs through the region indicated by the asterisk?
- Lateral lemniscus
- Spinothalamic tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
* *4. Corticospinal tractt** - Spinocerebellar tract
8
Q
In order to perform a lumbar puncture, the needle should inserted at position
A
B
C
D
E
A
In order to perform a lumbar puncture, the needle should inserted at position
A
B
C
D
E
9
Q
Identify the structure indicated by the arrow that helps stablise the hip joint
- long head of biceps tendon
- articular capsule
- acetabular labrum
- acetabular ligament
- ligamentum teres
A
Identify the structure indicated by the arrow that helps stablise the hip joint
- long head of biceps tendon
- articular capsule
- acetabular labrum
- acetabular ligament
* *5. ligamentum teres**
10
Q
The muscles that produce this movement are innervated by which nerve?
- sciatic
- common peroneal
- femoral
- tibial
- obturator
A
The muscles that produce this movement are innervated by which nerve?
- sciatic
* *2. common peroneal** - femoral
- tibial
- obturator
11
Q
The functions of area B include:
- Control of mastication and facial expression
- Processing discriminative touch sensation from the limbs
- Control of visual and auditory reflexes and conjugate eye movements
- Control of tongue movements, swallowing, coughing and vomiting
- Regulating cortical arousal and sleep wake cycles
A
The functions of area B include:
- Control of mastication and facial expression
- Processing discriminative touch sensation from the limbs
- Control of visual and auditory reflexes and conjugate eye movements
4. Control of tongue movements, swallowing, coughing and vomiting
5. Regulating cortical arousal and sleep wake cycles
12
Q
- CT
- MRI
- Myelogram
- Angiogram
- Ventriculogram
A
- CT
- MRI
3. Myelogram - Angiogram
5. Ventriculogram
13
Q
what type of tissue is this?
dense irregular fibrocollagenous tissue
2. dense regular fibrocollagenous tissue
3 compact bone
4. cancellous bone
5. hyaline cartilage
A
what type of tissue is this?
dense irregular fibrocollagenous tissue
2. dense regular fibrocollagenous tissue
3 compact bone
4. cancellous bone
5. hyaline cartilage
14
Q
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in this section.
A
B
C
D
A
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in this section.
A
B
C
D
15
Q
sympathetic action of this would cause pupil dilation
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
sympathetic action of this would cause pupil dilation
A
B
C
D
E
F
16
Q
what is A?
- ciliary
ganglion - Edinger
Westphal
nucleus - pretectal
nucleus - sympathetic
ganglion - medial
vestibular
nucleus - oculomotor
nucleus
A
what is A?
- ciliary
ganglion
2. Edinger
Westphal
nucleus
- pretectal
nucleus - sympathetic
ganglion - medial
vestibular
nucleus - oculomotor
nucleus
17
Q
which is the highlighted nerve?
- Optic
- Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
- Troclear
- Abducens
- Oculomotor
A
which is the highlighted nerve?
- Optic
2. Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
3. Troclear - Abducens
- Oculomotor
18
Q
ID B
- F wave
- Stimulus
artefact - H wave
- M wave
A
ID B
1. F wave
2. Stimulus
artefact
3. H wave
4. M wave
19
Q
damge to the blue arrow causes:
- Agraphia
- Expressive aphasia
- Loss of musical appreciation
- Alexia
- Conduction aphasia
- Receptive aphasia
A
damge to the blue arrow causes:
1. Agraphia
- Expressive aphasia
- Loss of musical appreciation
- Alexia
- Conduction aphasia
* *6. Receptive aphasia**
20
Q
ID H
- Basal ganglion
- Midbrain
- Thalamus
- Pineal gland
- Hypothalamus
- Fornix
- Pons
A
ID H
- Basal ganglion
- Midbrain
* *3. Thalamus** - Pineal gland
- Hypothalamus
- Fornix
- Pons
21
Q
what is A?
- extensor pollicis longus
- abductor pollicis longus
- flexor pollicis longus
- abductor pollicic brevis
- extensor pollicis brevis
A
what is A?
- extensor pollicis longus
- abductor pollicis longus
- flexor pollicis longus
- abductor pollicic brevis
- extensor pollicis brevis
22
Q
Which spinal curve is exaggerated in this woman?
- lumbar lordosis
- sacral kyphosis
- thoracic kyphosis
- cervical lordosis
A
Which spinal curve is exaggerated in this woman?
- *1. lumbar lordosis**
2. sacral kyphosis
3. thoracic kyphosis
4. cervical lordosis
23
Q
what is 10?
- Tibiotalar ligament
- tendon of tibialis anterior
- spring ligament
- Deltoid ligaments of the ankle
- calcaneal tendon
A
what is 10?
- Tibiotalar ligament
- tendon of tibialis anterior
3. spring ligament - Deltoid ligaments of the ankle
- calcaneal tendon
24
Q
what is a
- synovial fluid
- nucleus pulposus
- bone
- epiphyseal growth plate
- annulus fibrosus
A
what is a
- synovial fluid
* *2. nucleus pulposus** - bone
- epiphyseal growth plate
- annulus fibrosus
25
Identify the structure which prevents adduction of the leg
1. A
2. G
3. B
4. D
5. F
6. C
7. E
Identify the structure which prevents adduction of the leg
1. A
2. G
3. B
4. D
5. F
* *6. C**
7. E
26
What muscle group is being tested in this image?
1. hip extensors
2. knee extensors
3. hip adductors
4. hip abductors
5. knee flexors
6. hip flexors
27
The image below depicts the process of?
Activation of complement
Agglutination
Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Neutralisation
Opsonisation
The image below depicts the process of?
Activation of complement
Agglutination
**Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)**
Neutralisation
Opsonisation
## Footnote
**Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is the process by which antibodies assist immune cells to identify and destroy infected cells by apoptosis.**
28
What is A?
29
what is A?
bulobspongiosus
crus of penis
urogenital diaphragm
corpus caveronsum
corpus spongiosum
ischiocavernosus
what is A?
bulobspongiosus
crus of penis
urogenital diaphragm
corpus caveronsum
**corpus spongiosum**
ischiocavernosus
30
what is the cell indicated?
1. mesothelial cell
2. syncytiotrophoblast
3. mesenchymal cell
4. cytotrophoblast
5. endothelial cell
6. decidual cell
what is the cell indicated?
1. mesothelial cell
**2. syncytiotrophoblast**
3. mesenchymal cell
4. cytotrophoblast
5. endothelial cell
6. decidual cell
31
which cells are indicated by the }
1. pellucidal cells
2. theca externa cells
3. fibroblasts
4. theca interna cells
5. granulosa cells
6. granulosa lutein cells 7. theca l
which cells are indicated by the }
1. pellucidal cells
2. theca externa cells
3. fibroblasts
**4. theca interna cells**
5. granulosa cells
6. granulosa lutein cells
7. theca lutein cells
## Footnote
**In the ovary, the first layer of stromal cells that organise around the growing follicle is called the Feedback: theca interna. These theca interna cells help to synthesise estrogens.**
32
This is an organ of the male reproductive system. The structures cut in cross section here are lined by
acinar glandular epithelium
2. germinal epithelium
3. simple cuboidal epithelium
4. stratified columnar epithelium
5. stratified cuboidal epithelium
6. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
7. stratified squamous epithelium
This is an organ of the male reproductive system. The structures cut in cross section here are lined by
acinar glandular epithelium
2. germinal epithelium
3. simple cuboidal epithelium
4. stratified columnar epithelium
5. stratified cuboidal epithelium
**6. pseudostratified columnar epithelium**
7. stratified squamous epithelium
33
This is a diagram of the mature placenta and associated maternal structures. What is indicated by A?
1. chorion
2. amnion
3. stratum basalis of the endometrium
4. decidua capsularis
5. myometrium
6. decidua basalis
This is a diagram of the mature placenta and associated maternal structures. What is indicated by A?
1. chorion
2. amnion
3. stratum basalis of the endometrium
4. decidua capsularis
5. myometrium
* *6. decidua basalis
The decidua basalis is the maternal part of the placenta derived from the endometrial tissue where the embryo implanted.**
34
Which cranial nerve innervates the structures that form in the arrowed pharyngeal arch?
1. Cranial nerve X (vagus, recurrent laryngeal branch)
2. Cranial nerve X (vagus, superior laryngeal branch)
3. cranial nerve VII (facial)
4. cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
5. cranial nerve V (maxillary branch)
6. cranial nerve V (mandibu
Which cranial nerve innervates the structures that form in the arrowed pharyngeal arch?
1. Cranial nerve X (vagus, recurrent laryngeal branch)
2. Cranial nerve X (vagus, superior laryngeal branch)
3. cranial nerve VII (facial)
4. cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
5. cranial nerve V (maxillary branch)
* *6. cranial nerve V (mandibur branch)**
35
Identify the type of ovarian follicle.
1. primordial 2. secondary (antral) 3. Graafian 4. primary 5. atretic 6. growing
Identify the type of ovarian follicle.
1. primordial 2. secondary (antral) 3. Graafian 4. primary 5. atretic **6. growing
A growing follicle has several layers of granulosa cells associated with the large central oocyte.**
36
This is a cross section through a female pelvis. A is the ischium, B is the pubic body and c is obturator internus. Identify d.
A iliococcygeus
B. coccygeus
C. puborectalis
D. deep transverse perineal muscle
E. internal anal sphincter
This is a cross section through a female pelvis. A is the ischium, B is the pubic body and c is obturator internus. Identify d.
A iliococcygeus
B. coccygeus
**C. puborectalis**
D. deep transverse perineal muscle
E. internal anal sphincter
37
What is the name of the fetal shunt shown in the diagram?
1. umbilical vein
2. foramen ovale
3. ductus venosus
4. ductus ateriosus
5. ligamentum teres
What is the name of the fetal shunt shown in the diagram?
1. umbilical vein
**2. foramen ovale**
3. ductus venosus
4. ductus ateriosus
5. ligamentum teres
38
The peripheral blood cell that is most involved in the defence against viral pathogens is indicated by which letter?
A
B
C
D
E
The peripheral blood cell that is most involved in the defence against viral pathogens is indicated by which letter?
A
B
C
D
E
39
This patient was diagnosed with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The cells indicated by the arrows are
1. nucleated erythrocytes 2. neutrophils 3. sickle cells 4. reticulocytes 5. spherocytes 6. target cells 7. lymphocytes
This patient was diagnosed with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The cells indicated by the arrows are
1. nucleated erythrocytes 2. neutrophils 3. sickle cells 4. **reticulocytes** 5. spherocytes 6. target cells 7. lymphocytes
A characteristic of haemolytic anaemia is the increased production of red blood cells to compensate for increased destruction. As a result, increased numbers of immature erythrocytes are seen on a blood film. Reticulocytes are such immature red blood cells. They still possess mRNA and so stain slightly bluish and are larger than mature erythrocytes. Also they do not have the mature cell's bi-concave form yet so don't have a pale centre.
40
what is nerve supply to the pleura indicated?
1. phrenic nerve
2. vagus nerve and greater splanchnic nerve fibres
3. pulmonary plexus
4. intercostal nerves
5. internal thoracic nerve
what is nerve supply to the pleura indicated?
1. phrenic nerve
2. vagus nerve and greater splanchnic nerve fibres
**3. pulmonary plexus**
4. intercostal nerves
5. internal thoracic nerve
41
the image of the bronchus from an asthma patient, the arrow indicates
1. dense fibrocollagenous tissue
2. hyaline cartilage
3. basement membrane thickening
4. hyperplasia of mucous glands
5. bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
6. elastic cartilage
7. hypertrophied smooth muscle
the image of the bronchus from an asthma patient, the arrow indicates
1. dense fibrocollagenous tissue
2. hyaline cartilage
3. basement membrane thickening
4. hyperplasia of mucous glands
5. bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
6. elastic cartilage
* *7. hypertrophied smooth muscle**
42
this a pohotmicrogrpah taken of the small intestine, the arrow indicates
1. basement membrane
2. muscularis mucosae
3. lamina propria
4. submucosa
5. epithelium
this a pohotmicrogrpah taken of the small intestine, the arrow indicates
1. basement membrane
2. muscularis mucosae
**3. lamina propria**
4. submucosa
5. epithelium
43
Identify the organ of the alimentary system shown in the high power magnification photomicrograph of part of its mucosa.
1. stomach 2. large intestine 3. small intestine 4. oesophagus
Identify the organ of the alimentary system shown in the high power magnification photomicrograph of part of its mucosa.
**1. stomach** 2. large intestine 3. small intestine 4. oesophagus
44
what is A?
1. conjoint tendon
2. internal oblique muscle
3. inguinal ligament
4. spermatic cord
5. superficial inguinal ring
6. rectus sheath
what is A?
**1. conjoint tendon**
2. internal oblique muscle
3. inguinal ligament
4. spermatic cord
5. superficial inguinal ring
6. rectus sheath
**sheath of connective tissue formed from the lower part of the common aponeurosis of the abdominal internal oblique muscle and the transversus abdominis muscle, joining the muscle to the pelvis**
45
what is A
1. left gastric artery
2. splenic artery
3. left renal artery
4. inferior phrenic artery
5. pancreatic artery
what is A
1. left gastric artery
**2. splenic artery**
3. left renal artery
4. inferior phrenic artery
5. pancreatic artery
46
what type of hernia is shown here?
Indirect inguinal hernia
2. Direct inguinal hernia
3. Femoral hernia
4. Incisional hernia
5. Congenital inguinal hernia
what type of hernia is shown here?
1. Indirect inguinal hernia
**2. Direct inguinal hernia**
3. Femoral hernia
4. Incisional hernia
5. Congenital inguinal hernia
47
ID the structure identified
1. cochlear
2. vestibule
3. incus
4. semicircular canals
5. stapes
ID the structure identified
1. cochlear
2. vestibule
3. incus
* *4. semicircular canals**
5. stapes
48
what is structure C?
1. Anterior Commisure
2. Fornix
3. Corpus callosum
4. Posterior commisure
5. Internal capsule
what is structure C?
1. Anterior Commisure
2. Fornix
3. Corpus callosum
4. Posterior commisure
* *5. Internal capsule**
49
Identify the cranial nerve indicated on this diagram of the dorsal aspect of the brain stem
1. trochlear
2. abducens
3. oculomotor
4. trigeminal
5. facial
6. opthalmic
Identify the cranial nerve indicated on this diagram of the dorsal aspect of the brain stem
1. trochlear
* *2. abducens**
3. oculomotor
4. trigeminal
5. facial
6. opthalmic
50
What is the function of the nerve indicated?
1. motor to the muscles of facial
expression
2. motor to most of the
extraoccular muscles of the
eye
3. sensory for hearing and
balance
4. sensory to the pharynx and
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
5. sensory nerve of the face and
motor to muscles of
mastication
What is the function of the nerve indicated?
1. motor to the muscles of facial
expression
2. motor to most of the
extraoccular muscles of the
eye
**3. sensory for hearing and
balance**
4. sensory to the pharynx and
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
5. sensory nerve of the face and
motor to muscles of
mastication
51
In the diagram of the pupillary eye reflex shown, what is A?
1. oculomotor nucleus
2. sympathetic ganglion
3. pretectal nucleus
4. Edinger Westphal nucleus
5. medial vestibular nucleus
6. ciliary ganglion
In the diagram of the pupillary eye reflex shown, what is A?
1. oculomotor nucleus
2. sympathetic ganglion
3. pretectal nucleus
4. Edinger Westphal nucleus
5. medial vestibular nucleus
* *6. ciliary ganglion**
52
In this anterior dissection of the neck region, identify D
1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
2. Hypoglossal nerve
3. Sympathetic trunk
4. Accessory nerve
5. Vagus nerve
In this anterior dissection of the neck region, identify D
1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
2. Hypoglossal nerve
* *3. Sympathetic trunk**
4. Accessory nerve
5. Vagus nerve
53
A lesion in the optic tracts will result in which visual field defect
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
6. F
7. G
A lesion in the optic tracts will result in which visual field defect
1. A
2. B
3. C
* *4. D**
5. E
6. F
7. G
54
What is A
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Hypothalamus
4. Globus pallidus
5. Thalamus
What is A
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Hypothalamus
4. Globus pallidus
* *5. Thalamus**
55
What region/zone of the epiphyseal growth plate is indicated by the double headed arrows?
1. dying
2. calcifying
3. hypertrophying
4. resting
5. proliferating
What region/zone of the epiphyseal growth plate is indicated by the double headed arrows?
1. dying
2. calcifying
3. hypertrophying
4. resting
* *5. proliferating**
56
which muscle attaches here?
1. deltoid
2. supraspinatus
3. teres minor
4. infraspinatus
5. long head of biceps
6. subscapularis
which muscle attaches here?
1. deltoid
2. supraspinatus
3. teres minor
4. infraspinatus
5. long head of biceps
* *6. subscapularis**
57
Identify the muscle indicated
1. subscapularis
2. infraspinatus
3. pectoralis major
4. deltoid
5. supraspinatus
6. pectoralis minor
Identify the muscle indicated
1. subscapularis
2. infraspinatus
3. pectoralis major
4. deltoid
* *5. supraspinatus**
6. pectoralis minor
58
which muscles would normally prevent this positive sign
1. gluteus medius and minimus
2. iliopsoas
3. gluteus maximus
4. adductor longus and brevis
5. quadriceps femoris
which muscles would normally prevent this positive sign
* *1. gluteus medius and minimus**
2. iliopsoas
3. gluteus maximus
4. adductor longus and brevis
5. quadriceps femoris
59
60
What is A?
1. lateral collateral ligament
2. lateral meniscus
3. anterior cruciate ligament
4. posterior cruciate ligament
5. medial collateral ligament
6. medial meniscus
What is A?
1. lateral collateral ligament
2. lateral meniscus
3. anterior cruciate ligament
4. posterior cruciate ligament
5. medial collateral ligament
* *6. medial meniscus**
61
ID the muscle indicated
1. vastus medialis
2. adductor longus
3. adductor magnus
4. pectineus
5. sartorius
ID the muscle indicated
1. vastus medialis
**2. adductor longus**
3. adductor magnus
4. pectineus
5. sartorius
62
MCP is the middle cerebellar peduncle in this section.
The fibre tract indicated by the arrow is the
1. medial
longitudinal
fasciculus
2. spinocerebellar
tract
3. corticospinal
tract
4. medial
lemniscus
5. spinothalamic
tract
MCP is the middle cerebellar peduncle in this section.
The fibre tract indicated by the arrow is the
**1. medial
longitudinal
fasciculus**
2. spinocerebellar
tract
3. corticospinal
tract
4. medial
lemniscus
5. spinothalamic
tract
63
what is A?
1. middle cerebral artery
2. anterior communicating artery
3. anterior cerebral artery
4. inferior sagital sinus
5. superior sagital sinus
what is A?
1. middle cerebral artery
2. anterior communicating artery
* *3. anterior cerebral artery**
4. inferior sagital sinus
5. superior sagital sinus
64
What is the primary function of the nerve indicated?
1. lateral eye
movement
2. facial sensation
3. tongue
movement
4. hearing
5. facial expression
6. parasympathetic
innervation of
thoracic and
abdominal
organs
What is the primary function of the nerve indicated?
1. lateral eye
movement
**2. facial sensation**
3. tongue
movement
4. hearing
5. facial expression
6. parasympathetic
innervation of
thoracic and
abdominal
organs
65
In this highly simplified diagram of the corneal blink reflex, identify the nucleus labelled A that receives the afferent information.
1. facial
2. supraoptic
3. optic
4. vestibulocochlear
5. trigeminal
6. oculomotor
In this highly simplified diagram of the corneal blink reflex, identify the nucleus labelled A that receives the afferent information.
1. facial
2. supraoptic
3. optic
4. vestibulocochlear
* *5. trigeminal**
6. oculomotor
66
Identify the sulcus indicated by the arrow.
1. Post central sulcus
2. Central sulcus
3. Cingulate sulcus
4. Precentral sulcus
5. Parietoccipital sulcus
6. Calacrine sulcus
Identify the sulcus indicated by the arrow.
1. Post central sulcus
2. Central sulcus
* *3. Cingulate sulcus**
4. Precentral sulcus
5. Parietoccipital sulcus
6. Calacrine sulcus
67
Match the letters to the appropriate tracts.
68
In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?
C
D
E
F
H
In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, which of the labelled structures is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery?
C
D
E
**F**
H
**In this sagittal section of the female pelvis, the structure labelled F is an ovary and is mainly supplied by the gonadal artery.
The ovarian artery is the main arterial supply to the gonads in females.**
69
_What is the structure labelled B?_
Vas deferens
Prostate
Internal urethral orifice
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
_What is the structure labelled B?_
**Vas deferens**
Prostate
Internal urethral orifice
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
70
_Which of the following relaxes pubic symphysis during labour?_
Oxytocin
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Androstenedione
Vasopressin
_Which of the following relaxes pubic symphysis during labour?_
Oxytocin
Oestrogen
**Progesterone**
Androstenedione
Vasopressin
71
_Venous blood from which structure is drained into A?_
Right ovary
Right testicle
Left testicle
Right kidney
Spleen
_Venous blood from which structure is drained into A?_
Right ovary
Right testicle
**Left testicle**
Right kidney
Spleen
**Venous blood from the left testicle is drained via the left testicular vein into the left renal vein.
However, the right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC, whereas the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, before the IVC is reached. Compression of the left renal vein can thus impede venous blood drainage from the left testicle, possibly resulting in a varicocoele.**
72
In this prosection of a female in the lithotomy position, identify A
A. perineal body
B. bulbospongiosus
C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland
D. Cowper's gland
E. crus of clitoris
A. perineal body
B. bulbospongiosus
**C. greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland**
D. Cowper's gland
E. crus of clitoris
73
Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?
1. Secondary
(antral)
2. Primordial
3. Growing
4. Atretic
5. Primary
6. Graafian
Ovary: What type of follicle is labelled A?
1. Secondary
(antral)
2. Primordial
**3. Growing**
4. Atretic
5. Primary
6. Graafian
**Having several layers of granulosa cells, this is a growing follicle. There
is no antrum.**
74
What is A?
A. vas deferens
B. ejaculatory duct
C. testicular artery
D. spermatic cord
E. ilioinguinal nerve
F. genitofemoral nerve
What is A?
**A. vas deferens**
B. ejaculatory duct
C. testicular artery
D. spermatic cord
E. ilioinguinal nerve
F. genitofemoral nerve
75
Which chamber of the heart will A become?
1. left
atrium
2. right
atrium
3. right
ventricle
4. left
ventricle
Which chamber of the heart will A become?
1. left
atrium
2. right
atrium
3. right
ventricle
4. left
ventricle
76
Identify A on this lateral view of the penis and testes
A. epididymis
B. external spermatic fascia
C. Buck's fascia
D. tunica vaginalis
E. pampiniform (venous) plexus
Identify A on this lateral view of the penis and testes
**A. epididymis**
B. external spermatic fascia
C. Buck's fascia
D. tunica vaginalis
E. pampiniform (venous) plexus
77
In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the
1. Extraembryonic mesoderm
2. Stratum basalis of the endometrium
3. Decidua basalis
4. Syncytiotrophoblast
5. Trophoblastic lacuna
6. Cytotrophoblast shell
In this diagram of a growing placenta (~21 days), the large black arrow indicates the
1. Extraembryonic mesoderm
2. Stratum basalis of the endometrium
3. Decidua basalis
4. Syncytiotrophoblast
5. Trophoblastic lacuna
* *6. Cytotrophoblast shell**
78
What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?
1. Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
2. Syncytiotrophoblast
3. Erythrocyte
4. Mesenchymal cell
5. Cytotrophoblast
6. Decidual cell
What type of cell is indicated in this growing placental villus?
1. Simple cuboidal epithelial cell
2. Syncytiotrophoblast
3. Erythrocyte
4. Mesenchymal cell
* *5. Cytotrophoblast**
6. Decidual cell
**Cytotrophoblast cells extend out of the villus to form branches in the
lacunae and also when invading into the endometrium. The
cytotrophoblast cells are stained brown in this preparation. If in contact
with maternal blood, the surface becomes covered by
syncytiotrophoblast.**
79
Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?
1. Spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
(late)
3. Spermatid
(early)
4. Spermatogonia
Testis: What cell is indicated by the arrows?
**1. Spermatocyte**
2. Spermatid
(late)
3. Spermatid
(early)
4. Spermatogonia
**Primary spermatocytes are cells with large nuclei fairly close to the
bottom of the seminiferous tubule but above the spermatogonia (which
have more condensed nuclei).**
80
Identify A
A. rectovesical pouch
B. seminal vesicles
C. epididymis
D. prostate gland
E. Cowper's gland
F. urethra
Identify A
A. rectovesical pouch
**B. seminal vesicles**
C. epididymis
D. prostate gland
E. Cowper's gland
F. urethra
81
Identify A on this PA xray of the chest
1. lung hilum
2. left atrium
3. auricle of left atrium
4. superior vena cava
5. arch of aorta
Identify A on this PA xray of the chest
**1. lung hilum**
2. left atrium
3. auricle of left atrium
4. superior vena cava
5. arch of aorta
82
This image shows a ‘fatty streak’ in a coronary artery. ‘Foam’ cells at the arrows
can be derived from
macrophages and what other cell type?
1. Endothelial
cells
2. Adipocytes
3. Mesothelial
cells
4. Lymphocytes
5. Neutrophils
6. Smooth
muscle cells
This image shows a ‘fatty streak’ in a coronary artery. ‘Foam’ cells at the arrows
can be derived from
macrophages and what other cell type?
1. Endothelial
cells
2. Adipocytes
3. Mesothelial
cells
4. Lymphocytes
5. Neutrophils
**6. Smooth
muscle cells**
**The fatty streak forms in the intima of a blood vessel and is comprised of
foam cells which sequester lipid. These cells are macrophages and
smooth muscle cells that have migrated there (smooth muscle cells come
in part from the underlying tunica media).**
83
The cell indicate in this peripheral blood film is a/an
1. Reticulocyte
2. Eosinophil
3. Spherocyte
4. Target cell
5. Sickle cell
The cell indicate in this peripheral blood film is a/an
* *1. Reticulocyte**
2. Eosinophil
3. Spherocyte
4. Target cell
5. Sickle cell
**A reticulocyte is an immature erythrocyte and stains slightly blue in a
blood film due to its content of RNA.**
84
Identify A in the sagitally sectioned head
1. superior nasal meatus
2. superior nasal conchae
3. nasal septum
4. middle nasal concha
5. middle nasal meatus
Identify A in the sagitally sectioned head
1. superior nasal meatus
2. superior nasal conchae
3. nasal septum
* *4. middle nasal concha**
5. middle nasal meatus
85
In this blood film, erythrocytes are
1. microcytic
2. hypochromic
3. macrocytic
4. spherocytic
5. sickled
In this blood film, erythrocytes are
1. microcytic
2. hypochromic
* *3. macrocytic**
4. spherocytic
5. sickled
## Footnote
**Here the erythrocytes are larger than those in the normal (macrocytic).
They show differing shapes as well (poikilocytosis). The neutrophil
shows hypersegmentation.**
86
Respiratory tract: The arrow indicates
1. Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
2. Smooth muscle
3. Internal elastic lamina
4. Hyaline cartilage
5. Elastic cartilage
6. Fibrocollagenous tissue
Respiratory tract: The arrow indicates
1. Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
* *2. Smooth muscle**
3. Internal elastic lamina
4. Hyaline cartilage
5. Elastic cartilage
6. Fibrocollagenous tissue
## Footnote
**This is a bronchiole with alveoli surrounding it. The bronchiole has
prominent smooth muscle obvious from its elongated nuclei and dark
pink staining cytoplasm.**
87
In which area can the right middle lobe be ascultated
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. e
5. c
In which area can the right middle lobe be ascultated
1. b
* *2. d**
3. a
4. e
5. c
The right middle lobe of the lung can be listened to in the axilla (lateral
to the normal position of the right nipple in the non-obese male)
88
Alimentary system: What does the arrow indicate?
1. Smooth muscle
2. Congregated fibroblasts
3. Gastric glands
4. Goblet cells
5. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Alimentary system: What does the arrow indicate?
1. Smooth muscle
2. Congregated fibroblasts
3. Gastric glands
4. Goblet cells
* *5. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue**
89
90
Identify A
1. common hepatic duct
2. cystic duct
3. common bile duct
4. right hepatic duct
5. pancreatic duct
Identify A
* *1. common hepatic duct**
2. cystic duct
3. common bile duct
4. right hepatic duct
5. pancreatic duct
91
92
Identify A
1. greater omentum
2. coronary ligament
3. triangular ligament
4. falciform ligament
5. lesser omentum
6. hepatogastric ligament
Identify A
1. greater omentum
2. coronary ligament
3. triangular ligament
* *4. falciform ligament**
5. lesser omentum
6. hepatogastric ligament
93
94
This is a transverse section through the vertebral body of L1. The structure labelled A
is the second part (descending part) of the duodenum. Identify B
A. gallgladder
B. jejunum
C. tail of pancreas
D. 3rd part of duodenum
E. head of pancreas
This is a transverse section through the vertebral body of L1. The structure labelled A
is the second part (descending part) of the duodenum. Identify B
A. gallgladder
B. jejunum
C. tail of pancreas
D. 3rd part of duodenum
**E. head of pancreas**
95
Identify E on the coeliac arteriogram
1. right gastric artery
2. splenic artery
3. left gastric artery
4. gastroduodenal artery
5. common hepatic artery
Identify E on the coeliac arteriogram
1. right gastric artery
2. splenic artery
3. left gastric artery
* *4. gastroduodenal artery**
5. common hepatic artery
96
_Which of the following processes causes the transformation of structure B to structure A?_
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Transamination
Hydroxylation
Methylation
Glycosylation
_Which of the following processes causes the transformation of structure B to structure A?_
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Transamination
Hydroxylation
**Methylation**
Glycosylation
97
_Which of the following best describes C?_
Hinge joint
Condylar joint
Plane joint
Ball and Socket joint
Saddle joint
_Which of the following best describes C?_
Hinge joint
Condylar joint
Plane joint
Ball and Socket joint
**Saddle joint**
98
_Which bone(s) does A articulate with?_
Frontal + zygomatic bones only
All cranial bones
Frontal, zygomatic and maxillary bones only
Ethmoid, frontal, zygomatic bones only
Lacrimal and nasal bones only
_Which bone(s) does A articulate with?_
Frontal + zygomatic bones only
**All cranial bones**
Frontal, zygomatic and maxillary bones only
Ethmoid, frontal, zygomatic bones only
Lacrimal and nasal bones only
99
_Which of the following characteristics best applies to structure A?_
It attaches to the xiphoid process through the costal cartilage of rib
It attaches to the body of the sternum directly
It attaches to the body of the sternum through the costal cartilage of rib
It does not attach to the sternum entirely
It attaches to the xiphoid process directly
_Which of the following characteristics best applies to structure A?_
It attaches to the xiphoid process through the costal cartilage of rib
It attaches to the body of the sternum directly
**It attaches to the body of the sternum through the costal cartilage of rib 7**
It does not attach to the sternum entirely
It attaches to the xiphoid process directly
100
101
_Under normal physiological conditions, lymphocytes are most likely found in which of the following structures?_
A
B
C
D
_Under normal physiological conditions, lymphocytes are most likely found in which of the following structures?_
A
B
C
**D**
**The lamina propria is a layer of loose connective tissue deep to the epithelium, and superficial to the muscularis mucosae. Within the gut wall, lymphocytes are predominantly found in the lamina propria.**
102
_Which of the labelled intercellular junctions connect intermediate filaments?_
A
B
C
A + B
A + C
_Which of the labelled intercellular junctions connect intermediate filaments?_
A
B
**C**
A + B
A + C
103
_What is A?_
Left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex artery
Left marginal artery
Right coronary artery
_What is A?_
Left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
**Left circumflex artery**
Left marginal artery
Right coronary artery
104
_Which of the following is a likely property of this tissue?_
Contraction occurs spontaneously and following neural stimulation at the neuromuscular junction
Contraction occurs spontaneously
No stem cells or ability to divide
Hypertrophies but has no stem cells and no cell division
Helps to secrete products of exocrine glands
Has stem cells called satellite cells which give rise to myogenic precursors
_Which of the following is a likely property of this tissue?_
Contraction occurs spontaneously and following neural stimulation at the neuromuscular junction
Contraction occurs spontaneously
No stem cells or ability to divide
Hypertrophies but has no stem cells and no cell division
Helps to secrete products of exocrine glands
**Has stem cells called satellite cells which give rise to myogenic precursors**
105
Julia Madel, a 54-year-old lifelong smoker, has been on a Caribbean cruise with her husband. For the last four days, she has been vomiting twice a day. Yesterday she began to convulse and had muscle cramps, so was taken to the sickbay.
Which letter on this arterial blood gas chart would most probably match Julia arterial blood?
A
B
C
D
E
Julia Madel, a 54-year-old lifelong smoker, has been on a Caribbean cruise with her husband. For the last four days, she has been vomiting twice a day. Yesterday she began to convulse and had muscle cramps, so was taken to the sickbay.
Which letter on this arterial blood gas chart would most probably match Julia arterial blood?
A
B
C
D
**E**
**Vomiting leads to a loss of metabolically generated acid, HCl, from the stomach, which when prolonged can cause metabolic alkalosis.**
106
This image represents the fluid distribution in a healthy adult male. Based on the volume of extracellular fluid, estimate his total body weight (kg).
Answer: 62.5
Extracellular fluid makes up approximately 20% of the bodyweight of a healthy adult male.
107
_Which of the following phases of mitosis has the longest duration?_
A only
A & D
B & E
D & E
C only
A & C
Which of the following phases of mitosis has the longest duration?
A only
**A & D**
B & E
D & E
C only
A & C
During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope degrades. Additionally, the centrosomes move to opposite poles and begin to send out mitotic spindle fibres. This is the longest phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
108
_Which of the following is the best description of the thumb's movement in this image?_
Combination of flexion, medial rotation and abduction
Combination of extension, lateral rotation and adduction
Combination of flexion, lateral rotation and adduction
Combination of extension, medial rotation and adduction
Combination of flexion and lateral rotation
_Which of the following is the best description of the thumb's movement in this image?_
**Combination of flexion, medial rotation and abduction**
Combination of extension, lateral rotation and adduction
Combination of flexion, lateral rotation and adduction
Combination of extension, medial rotation and adduction
Combination of flexion and lateral rotation
109
_Based on the appearance of the left shoulder in this image, which movement of the shoulder would be most affected?_
Adduction
Abduction (first 15 degrees)
Abduction (after first 15 degrees)
External rotation
Internal rotation
_Based on the appearance of the left shoulder in this image, which movement of the shoulder would be most affected?_
Adduction
Abduction (first 15 degrees)
**Abduction (after first 15 degrees)**
External rotation
Internal rotation
110
_Which of the following is G?_
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
_Which of the following is G?_
Ulnar nerve
**Median nerve**
Brachial artery
Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
111
Ia primary afferents, carrying information from muscle spindles, synapse in this
area.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Ia primary afferents, carrying information from muscle spindles, synapse in this
area.
A
B
C
D
**E**
F
G
112
Lesion of this region leads to spastic paralysis.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Lesion of this region leads to spastic paralysis.
A
B
C
**D**
E
F
G
113
Axons carrying nociceptive information decussate in which area?
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Axons carrying nociceptive information decussate in which area?
A
B
C
D
E
F
**G**
114
The corticospinal tract is identified by which letter?
A
B
C
D
E
F
The corticospinal tract is identified by which letter?
**A**
B
C
D
E
F
115
What is indicated by the arrows in the reticular formation shown in these diagrams?
1. substantia nigra
2. raphe nuclei
3. ventral tegmental area
4. locus coeruleus
5. basal pons
What is indicated by the arrows in the reticular formation shown in these diagrams?
1. substantia nigra
* *2. raphe nuclei**
3. ventral tegmental area
4. locus coeruleus
5. basal pons
116
The arrow indicates which cranial nerve?
1. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
2. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
3. Facial (VII)
4. Vagus (X)
5. Hypoglossal (XII)
6. Accessory (XI)
The arrow indicates which cranial nerve?
1. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
2. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
3. Facial (VII)
* *4. Vagus (X)**
5. Hypoglossal (XII)
6. Accessory (XI)
117
In the diagram of the pupillary eye reflex shown, what is A?
1. sympathetic ganglion
2. ciliary ganglion
3. pretectal nucleus
4. oculomotor nucleus
5. medial vestibular nucleus
6. Edinger Westphal nucleus
In the diagram of the pupillary eye reflex shown, what is A?
1. sympathetic ganglion
2. ciliary ganglion
* *3. pretectal nucleus**
4. oculomotor nucleus
5. medial vestibular nucleus
6. Edinger Westphal nucleus
118
What is A?
1. superior thyroid artery
2. inferior thyroid artery
3. descending laryngeal artery
4. recurrent laryngeal nerve
5. vagus nerve
What is A?
* *1. superior thyroid artery**
2. inferior thyroid artery
3. descending laryngeal artery
4. recurrent laryngeal nerve
5. vagus nerve
119
What is A?
1. left testicular vein
2. ureter
3. left testicular artery
4. inferior mesenteric artery
5. inferior mesenteric vein
What is A?
**1. left testicular vein**
2. ureter
3. left testicular artery
4. inferior mesenteric artery
5. inferior mesenteric vein
120
what is A?
1. ureter
2. ovarian artery
3. ovarian vein
4. inferior mesenteric artery
5. renal artery
what is A?
* *1. ureter**
2. ovarian artery
3. ovarian vein
4. inferior mesenteric artery
5. renal artery
121
What is A?
1. sphincter urethrae
2. prostate gland
3. internal urethral sphincter
4. bulbosponiosus
5. detruser muscle
What is A?
**1. sphincter urethrae**
2. prostate gland
3. internal urethral sphincter
4. bulbosponiosus
5. detruser muscle
122
What is A?
1. splenic artery
2. left renal artery
3. inferior phrenic artery
4. pancreatic artery
5. left gastric artery
What is A?
* *1. splenic artery**
2. left renal artery
3. inferior phrenic artery
4. pancreatic artery
5. left gastric artery
123
What is the structure labelled A?
External iliac artery
Lateral sacral artery
Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Internal iliac artery
What is the structure labelled A?
External iliac artery
Lateral sacral artery
Superior gluteal artery
**Inferior gluteal artery**
Internal iliac artery
Other labelled structures (in this image):
A → Superior gluteal artery
B → External iliac artery
C → Lateral sacral artery
D → Inferior gluteal artery
E → Internal iliac artery
124
Which of the following hormones is responsible for maintaining this morphology?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
hCG
Which of the following hormones is responsible for maintaining this morphology?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
**Progesterone**
hCG
125
126
Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following structures is affected by B9 deficiency?
**A**
B
C
D
E
127
128
_Which of the following nerve roots form the nerve that runs through E?_
L1-L4
L2-L4
L2-L5
L4-S2
L5-S1
Umbilical artery
_Which of the following nerve roots form the nerve that runs through E?_
L1-L4
**L2-L4**
L2-L5
L4-S2
L5-S1
Umbilical artery
**The nerve roots of the obturator nerve is L2-L4**
129
This image depicts the layers of the inguinal canal in a male.
Which structure forms the internal spermatic fascia within the spermatic cord?
A
B
C
D
E
This image depicts the layers of the inguinal canal in a male.
Which structure forms the internal spermatic fascia within the spermatic cord?
A
**B**
C
D
E
130
What is B? [1]
**Dura mater**
