spreadsheet

Question 1

what are the subclasses of retroviruses?

Answer 1

oncoviruses (HTLV-1/2)

lentiviruses (HIV-1/2)

Question 2

what viruses are in the lentivirus subclass?

Answer 2

HIV-1/2

Question 3

are HIV enveloped?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is the nucleic acid/structure of HIV?

Answer 4

+ssRNA, two identical copies

Question 5

how does HIV virus multiply

Answer 5

viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds host CD4, cellular CXCR4 or CCR5 (chemokine co-receptors) needed for absorption, gp41 mediates envelope fusion, HIV is a nondefective virus

Question 6

how is HIV transmitted?

Answer 6

sexual contact, blood, tears, vaginal secretions, breast milk, transplacental, perinatal

Question 7

what diseases does HIV cause?

Answer 7

HIV, AIDS

Question 8

what is the general epidemiology of HIV?

Answer 8

3 stages… early stage with mono-like symptoms + high viremia, middle stage 3-10 years latency with decline in CD4 cells, late stage is AIDS and immunodeficiency… HIV-1 infected women progress to AIDS faster than men of same viral load

Question 9

what is the epidemiology of HIV?

Answer 9

AIDS patients have increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and tumors (Kaposi’s sacoma, B-cell lymphoma, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, chronic lymphadenopathy, dementia/diffuse brain disease in later stages of infection)

Question 10

what is the pathogenesis of HIV?

Answer 10

gradual depeltion of CD4+ cells, suppression of cell-mediated immunity (variable progression to AIDS), cytopathic effect, CTL destruction of infected cells, apoptosis of CD4 cells, HIV also targets CD4 Th17 cells (imp for mucosal imm – bacteria)

Question 11

what are the signs and symptoms of HIV?

Answer 11

Primary infection: mono-like or flu-like with fever/enlarged lymph nodes/tiredness/headache

Question 12

what are the lab diagnoses for HIV?

Answer 12

ELISA (forv viral antigens gp41 or p24), Western blot (less sensitive but more specific than ELISA), PCR for HIV RNA

Question 13

what is the chemotherapy for HIV?

Answer 13

HAART, nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (AZT), non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors (Fuzeon), integrase inhibitors (isentress), CCR5 inhibitors (maraviroc)

Question 14

what are the subclasses of poxviruses?

Answer 14

smallpox virus

molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)

Question 15

are poxviruses enveloped?

Answer 15

Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)

Question 16

nucleic acid/structure of poxviruses?

Answer 16

dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses

Question 17

virion structure of poxviruses?

Answer 17

No symmetry (only virus family like this)

Question 18

how do poxviruses multiply?

Answer 18

Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)

Question 19

how is smallpox transmitted?

Answer 19

airborne

Question 20

how is MCV transmitted?

Answer 20

Intimate cutaneous contact (Ow-owwww!!!) often among young children, wrestlers, and lovers

Question 21

what diseases does smallpox cause?

Answer 21

Smallpox (papules, vesicles, pustules)

Question 22

what diseases does MCV cause?

Answer 22

Molluscum contagiosum

Question 23

general epidemiology of smallpox?

Answer 23

Oral mucosa lesions likely cause of spreading infection, smallpox has been eradicated by immunization (ring vaccination around any cases found), no non-human reservoirs and no subclinical infections

Question 24

general epidemiology of MCV?

Answer 24

Self-limiting disease (may take months/years to subside)

Question 25

epidemiology of smallpox?

Answer 25

Respiratory infection leads to more severe infection, vaccination halted in US in 1971 (vaccine protects for 10-20 years, partial immunity for longer), weaponized by Soviets (Yarr!), current policy to vaccinate medical and other personnel, use ring vaccination to prevent outbreak

Question 26

epidemiology of MCV?

Answer 26

Diagnosis difficult, virus grows poorly in culture

Question 27

pathogenesis of smallpox?

Answer 27

Primary infection in upper respiratory tract with growth in mucosa/lymph nodes, then viremia allows to spread to lungs/liver/spleen, secondary infection in skin (via viremia) causes papules/pustules/vesicles

Question 28

incubation period of MCV?

Answer 28

2-8 weeks

Question 29

signs and symptoms of smallpox?

Answer 29

Papules, vesicles, pustules

Question 30

signs and symptoms of MCV?

Answer 30

pearly white papules

Question 31

vaccine for smallpox?

Answer 31

Live-attenuated (use vaccinia virus)

Question 32

chemotherapy for smallpox?

Answer 32

Passive immunization with human vaccinia-immune globulia for severe infections

Question 33

what kinds of viruses are in the rhabdovirus class?

Answer 33

rabies

Question 34

is rabies enveloped?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

nucleic acid/structure of rabies?

Answer 35

-ssRNA

Question 36

virion structure of rabies?

Answer 36

Helical nucleocapsid, bullet-shaped

Question 37

how does rabies virus multiply?

Answer 37

Packaged with RdRp, cytoplasmic Negri bodies

Question 38

how is rabies transmitted?

Answer 38

Bite from infected animal (virus in saliva) - viremia not required

Question 39

general epidemiology of rabies?

Answer 39

Infections in humans and dogs nearly always fatal, long incubation allows successful immunization after infection, treatment will not work after virus invades CNS, 30,000 people in US treated per year for possible infection… SINGLE antigenic type

Question 40

epidemiology of rabies?

Answer 40

Prophylactic immunization recommended for residents where rabies is common and for vets… bite wounds should be washed to remove virus… transmission in US from wild animals, dogs required to be vaccinated… most rabies in US from bats

Question 41

pathogenesis of rabies?

Answer 41

Travels from bite site into nerve cells, travels to CNS, then can go from CNS to salivary glands

Question 42

incubation period of rabies?

Answer 42

Weeks to months

Question 43

signs and symptoms of rabies?

Answer 43

Initial symptoms: fever, anorexia, hydrophobia… late symptoms is coma/paralysis/death…., causes encephalitis

Question 44

lab diagnosis of rabies?

Answer 44

Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) in nerve cells , fluorescent Ab to confirm inclusion bodies are rabies virus

Question 45

vaccines for rabies?

Answer 45

Killed vaccine (human diploid cell vaccine, highly immunogenic and very safe)

Question 46

chemotherapy for rabies?

Answer 46

Passive immunization (hyperimmune human serum; given to delay symptoms)