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LT > ST1&2 > Flashcards

ST1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

oxidizers

A

not combustible but support or enhance combustion
common:
calcium hypochlorite
chlorine
ammonium nitrate
hydrogen peroxide
methyl ethyl ketone

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2
Q

heat of combustion

A

potential energy available in combustion process

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3
Q

amount of energy required to change the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

A

4.2 joules

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4
Q

British thermal unit (Btu)

A

amount of heat required to raise 1 gallon of water 1 degree F

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5
Q

exothermic reaction

A

fire is exothermic that releases heat and sometimes light

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6
Q

endothermic reaction

A

absorbs energy
water to steam

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7
Q

fire must be in a gaseous state to occur

A

fire is gas phase combustion

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8
Q

off gassing in solids and liquids

A

pyrolysis
vaporization

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9
Q

piloted ignition

A

most common form of ignition
mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter outside heat source

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10
Q

autoignition

A

no source of flame or spark
fuels surface heats up enough

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11
Q

complete combustion of methane

A

produces heat, light, water vapor and Co2

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12
Q

CO

A

comes from carbon based organic materials
odorless, colorless and flammable
produced where there is limited O2 supply
chemical asphyxiant combines with hemoglobin 200 times more efficiently than O2

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13
Q

HCN

A

combustion of materials containing nitrogen and carbon
natural fibers(will, cotton, silk)
resins (carbon fiber, fiberglass)
synthetic polymers (nylon, polyester)
synthetic rubber (neoprene, silicone, latex)
polyeruthene foam
35 times more toxic than CO
prevents body from using O2 at cellular level
targets heart and brain

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14
Q

CO2

A

product of complete combustion
increases respiratory rate
displaces O2

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15
Q

common products of combustion

A

CO
formaldheyde
HCN
nitrogen dioxide
particulates
sulfur dioxide

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16
Q

convective flow

A

heated gases flow up and out, cooler clean air flows in

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17
Q

temperature
if you can go in

A

measurement of heat
measurement of the average kinetic energy in the particles of a sample of matter
not an accurate predictor of heat transfer

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18
Q

heat transfer
how long you can stay in

A

energy flow to a unit area (heat flux) measured in KW per sq meter

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19
Q

sources of thermal energy

A

chemical (most common) electrical and mechanical

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20
Q

types of electrical heating

A

resistance heating- space heater
overcurrent or overload-unintended resistance heating
arcing
sparking

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21
Q

mechanical energy

A

friction or compression
movement of two surfaces against each other
when a gas is compressed

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22
Q

heat transfer

A

transfer of heat from one point or object to another is part of the study of thermodynamics

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23
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat between solids through direct contact

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24
Q

convection

A

transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of a fluid (liquid or gas)

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25
Q

radiation

A

transmission of energy as electromagnetic waves such as light waves, radio waves, or X-rays without and intervening medium.
can become dominant mode of heat transfer as fire grows

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26
Q

fuel

A

known as reducing agent

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27
Q

inorganic fuels

A

hydrogen
magnesium

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28
Q

organic fuels

A

most fuels are organic containing carbon

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29
Q

organic fuels divided into hydrocarbon based fuels

A

gasoline
fuel oil
plastics
cellulose based materials (wood and paper)

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30
Q

fuels heat of combustion

A

total amount of thermal energy released when a specific amount of fuel burns

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31
Q

power

A

rate at which energy transfer
watt

32
Q

heat release rate

A

energy released per unit of time when a fuel burns
kW or MW

33
Q

vapor pressure

A

how easily a substance will evaporate into the air

34
Q

miscible

A

will mix in water in any proprtion

35
Q

polar solvents

A

flammable liquids such as alcohols will readily mix in water

36
Q

pyrolize

A

off gas

37
Q

wood pyrolysis

A

decomposes into volatile components and carbons
vapors are usually white
begins at temps below 400

38
Q

percentage of O2

A

normal air is 21%
combustion can occur at ambient temp 68 degrees as low as 15% O2

39
Q

nomex

A

does not ignite with normal O2
ignites at 31%

40
Q

flammable rangle

A

propane 2.1-9.5
CO 12-75
gasoline- 1.4-7.4
diesel- 1.3-6
ethanol- 3.3-19

41
Q

combustion of methane

A

creates CO2-H2O-CO and formaldehyde

42
Q

ceiling jet

A

incipient stage where hot plume of gases from pyrolysis rise to the ceiling and begin to travel horizontally

43
Q

incipient stage

A

enters growth stage when flames reach 2.5 ft high and begin to transfer more heat than convection

44
Q

entrainment

A

drawing in of air to a fire

45
Q

isolated or intermittent flames
(rollover)

A

combustion of gases in the layers indicate that the hot gas layers are within their flammable range . as they move to outer or lower layers they begin to ignite.
indicator of flashover

46
Q

flashover

A

typically occurs during growth stage
can occur during fully developed stage due to change in ventilation.
gas temp in room reaches 1100 or higher

47
Q

autoignition temp of CO

A

1100

48
Q

flashover and face piece temps

A

flashover heat flux: 60-200kw/m2
face piece fails after 5 minutes of 15

49
Q

high neutral plane

A

fire is in early stages
high ceilings
fire above our level

50
Q

mid level neutral plane

A

compartment has not yet ventilated
flashover approaching

51
Q

very low level neutral plane

A

reaching backdraft conditions
fire is below our level

52
Q

backdraft

A

rapid combustion of heated gases

53
Q

flashover indicators

A

building- interior config, fuel load, thermal prop and ventilation
smoke- increasing volume, turbulence, darkening, density, lowering of hot gas layer
heat- increasing temp in room, pyrolysis of contents distance from fire
flame- intermittent or isolated flames

54
Q

backdraft indicators

A

building- interior config, fuel load, thermal prop, amount of trapped gases, ventilation
smoke- pulsing
air flow- high velocity intake
heat- high, crackling or breaking sounds
flame- little or no visible

55
Q

bowstring truss

A

web members form triangles transfer tension from the bottom chord and compression from the top chord onto load bearing walls.
compressional force from top force walls out and down

56
Q

NFPA 204

A

standard for smoke and heat venting

57
Q

built in ventilation

A

large buildings use roof and wall vents and curtain boards

58
Q

Underfloor air distribution systems UFADs

A

inlet is in the floor, exhaust is in the sidewall

59
Q

pitot tube/ gauge

A

measures hydrant pressure

60
Q

extended length supply line

A

more than one engines worth of hose

61
Q

required fire flow

A

estimated uninterrupted quantity of water needed to extinguish well established fire

Needed fire flow(GPM)=(LxW)/3x%involvement

less effective when involvement is more than 50% or flow is more than 1000GPM

62
Q

type 1 list for S&T

A

high occupancy load
location of fire and floors involved
access/egress
ventilation difficulties
building safety features
resource needs

63
Q

type 2 list for S&T

A

confirming its actually type 2
mixed occupancy
likely areas of collapse
potential large area and volume for fire growth
contents and processes
hose line deployment and search tactics

64
Q

type 3 list for S&T

A

voids exist in wooden channels that roof and truss systems create
renovations in older structures create large voids above ceilings and below floors
new materials substituted during renovations can reduce carrying capacity of structural members
Origional use of structure may change increasing load

65
Q

type 4 list for S&T

A

occupancy type and use
apparatus placement due to potential collapse
lack of fire protection systems
conditions that require high flow water supply
potential limited access

66
Q

type 5 list for S&T

A

high life hazard
structure contributes to fire and early collapse potential
rapid fire spread
non permitted remodeling and alteratons
pen floor plans and void spaces

67
Q

cockloft

A

2-3 ft high

68
Q

plenums

A

return air from HVAC system

69
Q

collapse zone

A

1.5 times the height of the building

70
Q

curtain collaspe

A

falls straight down into a pile

71
Q

water weight for collapse

A

250gpm adds 1 ton of weight per minute
900kgs

72
Q

lamella roofs

A

trusses arched roofs

73
Q

tactical consideration for flat roofs

A

conventional vs. lightweight
attic void space
roof decking type
parapets/facades
skylights/scuttles/vents
dead loads
vent method and tool

74
Q

tactical considerations for pitched roofs

A

steepness
attics/cocklofts
type of decking
lightweight/engineered or coventional
vent method and tool

75
Q

tactical considerations for arched roofs

A

heavy timber vs lightweight/engineered
parapets
attic space/storage
type of decking
vent method and tool

LT (28 decks)

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