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ST1&2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

oxidizers

A

not combustible but support or enhance combustion
common:
calcium hypochlorite
chlorine
ammonium nitrate
hydrogen peroxide
methyl ethyl ketone

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2
Q

heat of combustion

A

potential energy available in combustion process

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3
Q

amount of energy required to change the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

A

4.2 joules

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4
Q

British thermal unit (Btu)

A

amount of heat required to raise 1 gallon of water 1 degree F

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5
Q

exothermic reaction

A

fire is exothermic that releases heat and sometimes light

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6
Q

endothermic reaction

A

absorbs energy
water to steam

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7
Q

fire must be in a gaseous state to occur

A

fire is gas phase combustion

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8
Q

off gassing in solids and liquids

A

pyrolysis
vaporization

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9
Q

piloted ignition

A

most common form of ignition
mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter outside heat source

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10
Q

autoignition

A

no source of flame or spark
fuels surface heats up enough

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11
Q

complete combustion of methane

A

produces heat, light, water vapor and Co2

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12
Q

CO

A

comes from carbon based organic materials
odorless, colorless and flammable
produced where there is limited O2 supply
chemical asphyxiant combines with hemoglobin 200 times more efficiently than O2

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13
Q

HCN

A

combustion of materials containing nitrogen and carbon
natural fibers(will, cotton, silk)
resins (carbon fiber, fiberglass)
synthetic polymers (nylon, polyester)
synthetic rubber (neoprene, silicone, latex)
polyeruthene foam
35 times more toxic than CO
prevents body from using O2 at cellular level
targets heart and brain

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14
Q

CO2

A

product of complete combustion
increases respiratory rate
displaces O2

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15
Q

common products of combustion

A

CO
formaldheyde
HCN
nitrogen dioxide
particulates
sulfur dioxide

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16
Q

convective flow

A

heated gases flow up and out, cooler clean air flows in

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17
Q

temperature
if you can go in

A

measurement of heat
measurement of the average kinetic energy in the particles of a sample of matter
not an accurate predictor of heat transfer

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18
Q

heat transfer
how long you can stay in

A

energy flow to a unit area (heat flux) measured in KW per sq meter

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19
Q

sources of thermal energy

A

chemical (most common) electrical and mechanical

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20
Q

types of electrical heating

A

resistance heating- space heater
overcurrent or overload-unintended resistance heating
arcing
sparking

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21
Q

mechanical energy

A

friction or compression
movement of two surfaces against each other
when a gas is compressed

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22
Q

heat transfer

A

transfer of heat from one point or object to another is part of the study of thermodynamics

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23
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat between solids through direct contact

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24
Q

convection

A

transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of a fluid (liquid or gas)

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25
radiation
transmission of energy as electromagnetic waves such as light waves, radio waves, or X-rays without and intervening medium. can become dominant mode of heat transfer as fire grows
26
fuel
known as reducing agent
27
inorganic fuels
hydrogen magnesium
28
organic fuels
most fuels are organic containing carbon
29
organic fuels divided into hydrocarbon based fuels
gasoline fuel oil plastics cellulose based materials (wood and paper)
30
fuels heat of combustion
total amount of thermal energy released when a specific amount of fuel burns
31
power
rate at which energy transfer watt
32
heat release rate
energy released per unit of time when a fuel burns kW or MW
33
vapor pressure
how easily a substance will evaporate into the air
34
miscible
will mix in water in any proprtion
35
polar solvents
flammable liquids such as alcohols will readily mix in water
36
pyrolize
off gas
37
wood pyrolysis
decomposes into volatile components and carbons vapors are usually white begins at temps below 400
38
percentage of O2
normal air is 21% combustion can occur at ambient temp 68 degrees as low as 15% O2
39
nomex
does not ignite with normal O2 ignites at 31%
40
flammable rangle
propane 2.1-9.5 CO 12-75 gasoline- 1.4-7.4 diesel- 1.3-6 ethanol- 3.3-19
41
combustion of methane
creates CO2-H2O-CO and formaldehyde
42
ceiling jet
incipient stage where hot plume of gases from pyrolysis rise to the ceiling and begin to travel horizontally
43
incipient stage
enters growth stage when flames reach 2.5 ft high and begin to transfer more heat than convection
44
entrainment
drawing in of air to a fire
45
isolated or intermittent flames (rollover)
combustion of gases in the layers indicate that the hot gas layers are within their flammable range . as they move to outer or lower layers they begin to ignite. indicator of flashover
46
flashover
typically occurs during growth stage can occur during fully developed stage due to change in ventilation. gas temp in room reaches 1100 or higher
47
autoignition temp of CO
1100
48
flashover and face piece temps
flashover heat flux: 60-200kw/m2 face piece fails after 5 minutes of 15
49
high neutral plane
fire is in early stages high ceilings fire above our level
50
mid level neutral plane
compartment has not yet ventilated flashover approaching
51
very low level neutral plane
reaching backdraft conditions fire is below our level
52
backdraft
rapid combustion of heated gases
53
flashover indicators
building- interior config, fuel load, thermal prop and ventilation smoke- increasing volume, turbulence, darkening, density, lowering of hot gas layer heat- increasing temp in room, pyrolysis of contents distance from fire flame- intermittent or isolated flames
54
backdraft indicators
building- interior config, fuel load, thermal prop, amount of trapped gases, ventilation smoke- pulsing air flow- high velocity intake heat- high, crackling or breaking sounds flame- little or no visible
55
bowstring truss
web members form triangles transfer tension from the bottom chord and compression from the top chord onto load bearing walls. compressional force from top force walls out and down
56
NFPA 204
standard for smoke and heat venting
57
built in ventilation
large buildings use roof and wall vents and curtain boards
58
Underfloor air distribution systems UFADs
inlet is in the floor, exhaust is in the sidewall
59
pitot tube/ gauge
measures hydrant pressure
60
extended length supply line
more than one engines worth of hose
61
required fire flow
estimated uninterrupted quantity of water needed to extinguish well established fire Needed fire flow(GPM)=(LxW)/3x%involvement less effective when involvement is more than 50% or flow is more than 1000GPM
62
type 1 list for S&T
high occupancy load location of fire and floors involved access/egress ventilation difficulties building safety features resource needs
63
type 2 list for S&T
confirming its actually type 2 mixed occupancy likely areas of collapse potential large area and volume for fire growth contents and processes hose line deployment and search tactics
64
type 3 list for S&T
voids exist in wooden channels that roof and truss systems create renovations in older structures create large voids above ceilings and below floors new materials substituted during renovations can reduce carrying capacity of structural members Origional use of structure may change increasing load
65
type 4 list for S&T
occupancy type and use apparatus placement due to potential collapse lack of fire protection systems conditions that require high flow water supply potential limited access
66
type 5 list for S&T
high life hazard structure contributes to fire and early collapse potential rapid fire spread non permitted remodeling and alteratons pen floor plans and void spaces
67
cockloft
2-3 ft high
68
plenums
return air from HVAC system
69
collapse zone
1.5 times the height of the building
70
curtain collaspe
falls straight down into a pile
71
water weight for collapse
250gpm adds 1 ton of weight per minute 900kgs
72
lamella roofs
trusses arched roofs
73
tactical consideration for flat roofs
conventional vs. lightweight attic void space roof decking type parapets/facades skylights/scuttles/vents dead loads vent method and tool
74
tactical considerations for pitched roofs
steepness attics/cocklofts type of decking lightweight/engineered or coventional vent method and tool
75
tactical considerations for arched roofs
heavy timber vs lightweight/engineered parapets attic space/storage type of decking vent method and tool

LT (28 decks)

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