STAAR Terms Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Examining Historical Sources
A
- Historical Context: The background (time, place, beliefs, events) behind the creation of the source
- Point of View: The author’s opinion about the subject. An author’s point of view is often shaped by the author’s education, life experiences, or social position.
- Frame of Reference: These are generally-held assumptions at the time that the source was created.
2
Q
Validity of a Source
A
Historians and social scientists evaluate the validity of a source based on:
- Language of the Source: Is it objective, factual and logical, or emotional and contradictory?
- Corroboration with other Sources: Do other sources confirm the existence of the same facts?
- Information about the Author: Is the author an eye-witness? Does the author have special qualifications? Does the author seem objective or biased?
3
Q
Culture/Civilization
A
- Culture: A people’s way of life— their foods, clothing, customs and beliefs. Culture is a form of learned behavior that is passed from on generation to the next.
- Civilization: Advanced form of society in which some people live in cities, have complex institutions, use some form of writing, and are skilled in science and technology.
4
Q
Neolithic Revolution
A
The Neolithic Revolution occurred in the Middle East 10,000 years ago. People saw they could obtain food by planting seeds.
- Food Surpluses: People began to change from hunters and gatherers to producers of food.
- Domestication of Animals: People learned to domesticate animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle.
- Settlements: People no longer had to wander in search of food and could now establish settlements with permanent homes.
5
Q
River Valley Civilizations
A
The first civilizations developed along rivers with fertile soil from periodic floods. Here, farmers were able to grow a surplus of food, allowing the rise of civilization.
-Mesopotamia: The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; invented the sailboat, irrigation, the wheel, calendar, and bronze.
-
6
Q
River Valley Civilizations
A
The first civilizations developed along rivers with fertile soil from periodic floods. Here, farmers were able to grow a surplus of food, allowing the rise of civilization.
- Mesopotamia: The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; invented the sailboat, irrigation, the wheel, calendar, and bronze.
- Egypt: Developed along the Nile River in North Africa; Egyptian society was ruled by a powerful pharaoh; built pyramids.
- India: The Indus River deposited rich soil over the neighboring plain.
- China: China’s first civilization emerged in the fertile plains of the Huang He.
7
Q
Judaism
A
Judaism was the religion of the ancient Hebrews. It began in the ancient lands now known as Israel. Moses led the Jews out of Egyptian slavery.
- Judaism is the first religion to teach monotheism— the belief in one God.
- Old Testament: History of the Jewish people is told in the first books of the Bible, known as the Old Testament.
- Ten Commandments: Established a moral code of conduct: emphasizes living justly; belief in one God; honoring one’s parents, not killing or stealing.
8
Q
Persian Civilization
A
-Cyrus the Great united the Persian Empire.
-Darius, his son, introduced uniform measures and built several new cities.
-Zoroastrianism: A new religion based on Zoroaster, who taught there were two gods: light and goodness, and darkness and evil.
-Persian Accomplishments:
»Learned to use coins, moving from a barter system to a money economy
»Built hundreds of roads to unify empire.
»Established a postal service.
9
Q
Persian Civilization
A
-Cyrus the Great united the Persian Empire.
-Darius, his son, introduced uniform measures and built several new cities.
-Zoroastrianism: A new religion based on Zoroaster, who taught there were two gods: light and goodness, and darkness and evil.
-Persian Accomplishments:
»Learned to use coins, moving from a barter system to a money economy
»Built hundreds of roads to unify empire.
»Established a postal service.
10
Q
Greek Civilization
A
- City-States: Mountains cut off centers of population from each other. This lead to the development of city-states.
- Sparta: A city state that was military in nature. Life was organized around military needs. At an early age, males were taught to be strong soldiers serving the state.
- Athens: Developed world’s first democracy, but women, foreigners and slaves were not citizens and could not take part in Athenian government.
11
Q
Golden Age of Greek Culture
A
During this period, the Greeks enjoyed great prosperity and made significant achievements in art, literature, an philosophy.
-Philosophers: Athenians believed human reason was powerful enough to understand the world and solve problems. Noted Greek philosophers questioned nature and life:
»Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
-Architecture: Athens created statues and buildings of perfect proportions.
»Parthenon: Temple to goddess Athena. High point of Greek architecture.
12
Q
Roman Civilization
A
Rome: built on fertile plain in the middle of Italy
- Roman Republic: A republic has a system of government by elected representatives. Roman society had two main social classes: patricians and plebeians.
- Twelve Tables: Roman code of laws that stated that citizens were “equal under the law” and “innocent until proven guilty.”
- Roman Empire: After uniting Italy, Rome defeated Carthage, and spread to Western Europe. Augustus became the first emperor. Christianity gradually spread.
13
Q
Empires of India
A
-Aryans came to India around 1500 BCE
»Created city-states in major river valleys.
»Developed Sanskrit, a form of writing.
»Introduced Hinduism to India.
»New social order developed, known as the caste system
-Mauryan Empire
»Asoka allowed all religions in India.
»Asoka built roads and hospitals.
-Gupta Empire: They ushered in a “Golden Age of Hindu Culture.”
»Advanced concept of zero, decimal system.
»Their system of numerals is used today.
14
Q
Empires of India
A
-Aryans came to India around 1500 BCE
»Created city-states in major river valleys.
»Developed Sanskrit, a form of writing.
»Introduced Hinduism to India.
»New social order developed, known as the caste system
-Mauryan Empire
»Asoka allowed all religions in India.
»Asoka built roads and hospitals.
-Gupta Empire: They ushered in a “Golden Age of Hindu Culture.”
»Advanced concept of zero, decimal system.
»Their system of numerals is used today.
15
Q
Hinduism
A
- Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses— all are forms of one Supreme Being.
- Reincarnation: We’re reborn in a new form after we die, based on deeds in this life.
16
Q
Buddhism
A
-Began in India around 500 BCE
-Siddhartha Gautama: Known as Buddha.
»Rich prince who set off in search of truth.
-Beliefs: Self-denial and meditation
»One must give up selfish desires to find true peace and harmony: Eight-Fold Path.
»Believe in reincarnation.
17
Q
Dynasties of China
A
China’s history is divided into dynasties.
-Zhou Dynasty: Believe their ruler was in power due to the Mandate of Heaven.
-Qin Dynasty:
»Shi Huang-ti: First emperor of China.
»Unified China under his rule.
»Built Great Wall of China.
-Han Dynasty:
»Kept China unified over next 400 years.
»Selected officials based on examinations.
»Established trade along the Silk Road.
18
Q
Confucianism
A
-Confucius established a philosophy followed in
China for centuries.
-This philosophy stressed kindness, peace, harmony, and following the natural order— each person’s role in society is due to his or her position in the universe.
-In every relationship there is a superior and an inferior.
-A good ruler should govern justly and for the benefit of his subjects.
19
Q
Byzantine Empire
A
- Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople in 330 CE.
- Constantinople was located on the land route between Europe and Asia.
- Lasted almost 1000 years.
- Religion: They developed their own form of Christianity known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
- End of Empire: Over time, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost its territories. In1453, the Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.
20
Q
People in the Middle Ages
A
Certain individuals had
21
Q
People in the Middle Ages
A
Certain individuals had a major impact.
- St. Augustine: Appealed to faith in God.
- Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen in 800 CE, expanded the empire, and revived learning.
- St. Thomas Aquinas argued men could judge government laws against natural law and could overthrow unjust rulers.
- King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215. It guaranteed Englishmen the right to a trail and required consent of the nobles before passing any new taxes.
22
Q
Feudalism
A
Feudalism arose in Europe out of the chaos after the fall of Rome. It provided security and protection in a period of great turmoil.
- Social System: Society was divided between the king, nobles, knights, and serfs. Lords gave land to vassals in exchange for service.
- Political System: The king ruled with the advice of his leading nobles. The novels served the king with their knights, armed warriors on horses.
- Economic System: (Manorialism) Serfs worked on the land of their lord. Most people lived on a self-sufficient manor.
23
Q
Age of Faith: Catholic Church
A
-The Catholic Church was the most powerful organization in Western Europe. The Pope was the head of the Church.
»Christians believed the Church held power to send persons to Heaven or Hell.
»Church was the main center of learning.
»Church wealth grew as many nobles who died left their land to the Church in order to gain entry to Heaven.
-Crusades: Christian Europeans challenged Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The Crusades increased interest in trade with the East.
24
Q
Islam
A
- Rise of Islam: In the 7th century, Islam arose on the Arabian Peninsula.
- Mohammed: Founded Islam. He believed God had selected him as a messenger to preach faith in Allah, the on true God.
- Quran: Holy book of Islam. Contains God’s message as spoken to Mohammed.
- Five Pillars of Islam: Faith, prayer, charity, fasting, making a pilgrimage to Mecca.
- Spread of Islam: Within 100 years, the Islamic caliphates controlled the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.
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Kingdoms of Africa
Merchants crossed the Sahara to trade salt for gold and other riches.
-Kingdom of Ghana: Prospered by taxing the gold-salt trade.
-Kingdom of Mali: Controlled the gold-salt trade.
>>Mansa Musa visited Cairo and Mecca.
>>Expanded Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning and culture.
-Kingdom of Songhai: Also grew rich from trade across Sahara. Its people were Muslims; expanded trade with Europe and Asia.
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Kingdoms of Africa
Merchants crossed the Sahara to trade salt for gold and other riches.
-Kingdom of Ghana: Prospered by taxing the gold-salt trade.
-Kingdom of Mali: Controlled the gold-salt trade.
>>Mansa Musa visited Cairo and Mecca.
>>Expanded Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning and culture.
-Kingdom of Songhai: Also grew rich from trade across Sahara. Its people were Muslims; expanded trade with Europe and Asia.
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Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Turks, ruled by the Sultan, emerged in the 1200s and captured Constantinople in 1453.
- Their empire was located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia.
- They controlled the Middle East and parts of Easter Europe.
- Ottomans also dominated the Mediterranean until they were defeated by Spain.
- Ottomans allowed Christians and Jews some limited self-government.
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Muslim and Mughal India
-Muslims began invading Northwest India in later 7th century.
-The Muslims established Sultanates in Northwest India.
-Babur founded the Mughal Empire:
>>Akbar the Great conquered Muslim and Hindu states, uniting India under his control.
>>Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal.
-Sikhism: A religion based on belief in one God and in the equality of all human beings.
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Golden Age of China
-Tang Dynasty (618-907)
>>Reunited China and brought peace and prosperity.
>>Reintroduced government examinations.
>>Great advances were made in architecture, sculpture, and painting.
>>Conquered Korea and Manchuria.
-Song Dynasty (960-1279)
>>Introduced compass and paper money.
>>Greatly increased farm production.
>>Population saw an increase in wealth.
>>Introduced the use of gunpowder in war.
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Mongol empire
Central Asia saw the rise of nomadic peoples who excelled at horsemanship and fighting skills.
-During 1200, the Mongols of Central Asia established the world's largest empire.
-Chinggis Khan united Mongols and attacked China; promoted trade in empire.
-Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China. Visited by Marco Polo.
The Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongols in China and establish 300 years of peace; later Ming emperors were involved in trade with Europe.
31
The End of Medieval Europe
Several factors and events contributed to the end of medieval Europe:
- Crusades: These exposed Europeans to Eastern ideas and goods and stimulated trade; increased trade led to the growth of towns.
- Great Famine: A decade of extended rains led to serious food shortages in Europe.
- Black Death: Killed one-third of Europe's population; shortage of labor led to the decline of serfdom.
- Great Schism: Occurred when there were Popes in Avignon and Rome; led people to question the authority of the Church.
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Renaissance
The
33
Renaissance
The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of classical culture Italy from about 1350 to the 1500s.
- Secularism: Thinkers used observation to explain world, rather than church teachers.
- Humanism: Renaissance thinkers celebrated human achievements and focused on individual worth.
- Artistic: New realistic painting and sculpture: Giotto, Masaccio, Leonardo da Vince, Michelangelo.
- Political: Rise of powerful states; Niccolo Machiavelli wrote "The Prince."
- Economic: Further increases in trade.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of classical culture Italy from about 1350 to the 1500s.
- Secularism: Thinkers used observation to explain world, rather than church teachers.
- Humanism: Renaissance thinkers celebrated human achievements and focused on individual worth.
- Artistic: New realistic painting and sculpture: Giotto, Masaccio, Leonardo da Vince, Michelangelo.
- Political: Rise of powerful states; Niccolo Machiavelli wrote "The Prince."
- Economic: Further increases in trade.
35
The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther objected to the Church's sale of indulgences. In his Ninety-Five Theses (1517), Luther challenged the Pope's authority. Luther broke from the Church.
36
Effects of the Protestant Reformation
- Ended religious unity in Europe.
- Others, like John Calvin, started Protestant churches of their own. Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church.
- Led to a century of religious wars between Catholics and Protestants.
- Speeded economic growth in North Europe.
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Catholic Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church fought back against the rise of Protestantism.
- Council of Trent: Ended the sale of indulgences, introduced Church reforms, began a Church ban of certain books.
- Inquisition: Tried and executed persons who were suspected of committing heresy---(non-Catholic beliefs)
- Jesuits: New Catholic order.
- Religious Wars: Catholic rulers cooperated with the Pope in fighting Protestantism. Europe became divided between Catholic countries and Protestant countries (mainly in Northwestern Europe).
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Pre-Columbian Civilizations
- Maya Empire: More than 3000 years ago, the Maya developed a complex civilization in the rain forests of present-day Guatemala; developed a form of writing; grew corn.
- Aztec Empire: Over two centuries, the Aztecs engaged in frequent wars to conquer other peoples of the region.
- Inca Empire: The Inca Empire developed along the Pacific coast and in the Andes Mountains of South America; they grew potatoes; built roads and stone buildings.
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Impact of the Columbian Exchange
-Christopher Columbus "encountered" the Americas after crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
-Effects: This encounter (1492) had many lasting effects:
>>Europeans learned about new foods, such as corn, tomatoes, and chocolate.
>>Europeans established vast colonial empires in the Americas.
>>Millions of Native Americans died from exposure to new European diseases, such as smallpox and measles.
40
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
-Christopher Columbus "encountered" the Americas after crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
-Effects: This encounter (1492) had many lasting effects:
>>Europeans learned about new foods, such as corn, tomatoes, and chocolate.
>>Europeans established vast colonial empires in the Americas.
>>Millions of Native Americans died from exposure to new European diseases, such as smallpox and measles.
41
Colonial Empires
- Spanish conquerors subdued the Aztecs and Incas. Established colonies in the Americas.
- Europeans brought new animals and food to the Americas, including horses, cattle, chickens, pigs, wheat, sugar, and rice.
- Spain sought gold and silver from the New World.
- New Spanish colonies were ruled by Viceroys.
- Native Americans gradually converted to religion of the Europeans--- Christianity.
- Other countries--- France, Holland, and England--- set up colonies in the New World.
- New colonial societies emerged.
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Atlantic Slave Trade
- Capture: Africans were captured by other African tribes and were often sold to European slave traders on West African Coast.
- "Middle Passage": Millions were taken in ships, chained together under inhumane conditions, for the voyage across the Atlantic to the New World.
- Treatment: When enslaved Africans arrived, they were forced to work under brutal conditions.
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Commercial Revolution
-Mercantilism: Rulers increased their power by amassing gold and silver through conquest, taxes, trade, and obtaining colonies.
-Colonies: Spain, Holland, Portugal, France, and England developed overseas empires.
-Free Enterprise (Capitalism):
>>Merchants developed new methods to finance large business ventures.
>>Used borrowing and joint-stock companies to raise the large amounts of capital need for these ventures.
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Absolute Monarchy
-Factors leading to growth of royal power:
>>Kings increased sizes of their army.
>>Kings raised more taxes among their subjects.
>>Kings subdued nobility.
>>Royal authority based on "reason of state"--- need for order, or divine right.
-A Case Study in Absolute Monarchy--- King Louis XIV of France:
>>His will was law.
>>He permitted no criticism of his rule.
>>Built Versailles Palace to house nobles.
>>Developed a large and powerful army.
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Limited Monarchy in England
-Traditional checks on English king's power:
>>Magna Carta (1215) limited kings' power.
>>English Parliament (legislature).
-Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ruled with Parliament.
-James I favored divine right. His son, Charles, tried to rule without Parliament.
-English Civil War: Parliament defeated and executed Charles I (1649).
-Glorious Revolution: James II was overthrown.
-English Bill of Rights: Stated supremacy of Parliament and the rights of subjects.
-John Locke justified the Glorious Revolution. Locke stated that subjects have a right to rebel against an oppressive government.
-William Blackstone summarized English law.
46
Limited Monarchy in England
-Traditional checks on English king's power:
>>Magna Carta (1215) limited kings' power.
>>English Parliament (legislature).
-Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ruled with Parliament.
-James I favored divine right. His son, Charles, tried to rule without Parliament.
-English Civil War: Parliament defeated and executed Charles I (1649).
-Glorious Revolution: James II was overthrown.
-English Bill of Rights: Stated supremacy of Parliament and the rights of subjects.
-John Locke justified the Glorious Revolution. Locke stated that subjects have a right to rebel against an oppressive government.
-William Blackstone summarized English law.
47
Scientific Revolution
```
-Changed ways of thinking:
>>New ways of scientific investigation.
>>Rejected traditional teachings of Church.
>>Robert Boyle: Investigated gases.
>>Isaac Newton: Laws of gravity.
```
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Enlightenment
```
-Applied human reason to society.
>>Questioned role of Catholic Church.
>>Rejected traditional teachings of Church.
>>Opposed hereditary privileges.
>>Sought to reform society.
-Leading Enlightenment thinkers:
>>Voltaire
>>Baron de Montesquieu
>>Jean-Jacques Rousseau
```
49
American Revolution
- Colonists objected to the British government's imposing new taxes without their consent: "taxation without representation."
- Colonists were influenced by religion, legacy of the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke.
- Declaration Independence, written mainly by Jefferson, applied Enlightenment ideas.
- U.S. Constitution established a stable government with a separation of peers, as suggested by Baron de Montesquieu.
- Impact: The success of the American Revolution encouraged outbreak of French Revolution; also led to the rise of independence movements throughout Latin America.
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French Revolution
- Causes: Inequality among Estates (social classes); severe financial crisis; spread of Enlightenment ideas questioned privileges.
- Louis XVI summoned the Estates General (clergy, nobles, commoners)
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French Revolution
- Causes: Inequality among Estates (social classes); severe financial crisis; spread of Enlightenment ideas questioned privileges.
- Louis XVI summoned the Estates General (clergy, nobles, commoners) to vote on new taxes in 1789 to relieve the financial crisis.
- Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly, they issued the Declaration of Rights of Man.
- Bastille: Citizens stormed the Bastille.
- Convention executed Louis XVI in 1793.
- France at war with most of Europe.
- Robespierre launched revolutionary Reign of Terror against all dissenters; introduced mass conscription (draft).
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Napoleon Bonaparte/Napoleonic Wars
- General during French Revolution; seized power in 1799; declared himself emperor.
- Napoleonic Code combined traditional laws with principles of the Revolution.
- Introduced French revolutionary ideas to other European countries.
- Conquered most of Europe; attacked Russia but invasion ended in defeat; his army was defeated by a coalition of European rulers.
- Congress of Vienna (1814-1815): Allies restored rulers (legitimacy) and established a "balance of power" to prevent any one country from being dominant.
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Latin American Independence
- Enlightenment ideas, the success of the American Revolution and the outbreak of the French Revolution encouraged Latin American leaders to seek independence.
- Free blacks and slaves of Haiti rebelled and achieved independence.
- When France occupied Spain during the Napoleonic Wars, Latin American colonies governed themselves.
- In 1814, King of Spain tried to imps old restrictions on Latin American commerce.
- Latin American leaders, led by Simon Bolivar, fought Spain to win independence.
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Economics
- Basic Economic Questions: (1) What will be produced? (2) How will it be produced? (3) Who gets what is produced?
- Free Enterprise: Producers make what they want; consumers buy what they need. Supply and demand determines price.
- Adam Smith: Explained the free enterprise system; state the "Invisible Hand" theory.
- Karl Marx: Felt capitalists oppressed workers; one day workers would overthrow capitalists and establish a classless society; private property would be eliminated.
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Pre-Conditions for Industrial Revolution
- Great Britain was ready for changes due to its favorable geography.
- Britain had good transportation and communication systems.
- Global trade and prosperous agriculture.
- Strong commercial outlook and a global empire.
- Scientific advances in the 17th and 18th centuries made inventors open to new ways of doing things. They had technical skills to build the new machines.
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Industrial Revolution
- Textile Revolution: The spinning jenny and other inventions increased the production of cotton thread and cloth.
- Factory System:
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Industrial Revolution
-Textile Revolution: The spinning jenny and other inventions increased the production of cotton thread and cloth.
-Factory System:
>>Goods were made in the factory instead of at home.
>>Goods were made by machines instead of by hand.
-Steam Engine: James Watt's improved steam engine powered the new machinery.
-Transportation Revolution: Steam power was used to power steamboats and railroads.
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Impact of Industrial Revolution
-Economic Impact: Mass production of goods made them more available and cheaper.
-Social Impact: People moved from the countryside to towns and cities.
>>Conditions for many workers worsened.
-Political Impact:
>>Reform movements demanded social chance, such as a 10 hour work day and a ban on child labor.
>>Middle class supported reforms in England, like the Reform Bill of 1832.
>>Led to unification of Italy and Germany.
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Characteristics of Imperialism
-"Old Imperialism"
>>India: Ruled by the British.
>>Southeast Asia: French, Dutch, Spanish established colonies there.
-Africa: "Scramble for Africa"
>>Britain takes Egypt to keep control of the Suez Canal.
>>Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
-"Informal/New" Imperialism:
>>China: Opium War and establishment of spheres of influence by European powers.
>>Latin America: Britain and United Staes dominated the economy of this area.
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Causes of "New Imperialism"
-New technologies made it possible:
>>Military Technology: riffles.
>>Medicines: quinine used against malaria.
>>Transportation: steamboats and railroads.
>>Communication Technology: telegraphy and telephone made communication easier.
-Motives for Imperialism:
>>Political: European countries competed for power and colonial empires.
>>Economic: European nations wanted natural resources and markets for goods.
>>Social: European nations wanted to spread their culture and civilize Africa and Asia.
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World War I
War between the Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S.) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey).
- Causes: Nationalism, imperialism, alliance system, militarism.
- Spark of the War: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Serbia (1914).
- New Weapons and Tactics: Submarines, machine guns, planes, "trench warfare," poison gas, early tanks.
- Results: Versailles Treaty dealt harshly with Germany; Germany lost its colonies; Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey were broken up; a League of Nations was created.
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Russian Revolution (1917)
- Before World War I, most Russians lived in poverty; Tsar and nobles immensely rich.
- Russia entered war; lost many battles; food supplies to cities cut; food riots broke out.
- Tsar Nicholas II: Overthrown and executed; provisional government established.
- Bolsheviks Come to Power: Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, promised "Peace, Bread, and Land" to Russian peasants. They seized power; withdrew from the war; founded the first Communist government.
- Civil War (1919-1921): War between Reds (Communists) and Whites (anti-Communists); ended in a Communist victory.
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Fascism
A political system developed in Italy, Germany, Spain and other nations following World War I.
-Main Characteristics
>>Extreme Nationalism: Belief a country should untie behind its national leaders.
>>Glorified violence and racism.
>>Devotion to Party Leader: An all powerful leader was seen as embodying the true ideals of a nation.
>>Saw democratic governments as being feeble and weak.
>>Totalitarianism: A dictator or political party controls all aspects of life.
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Nazism (National Socialism)
-Hitler became Nazi Party leader; attacked the Weimar Republic as weak; attacked Versailles Treaty as too harsh on Germany
-Wrote Mein Kampf, where he stated that Germans were a superior race and Jews were the major cause of Germany's problems.
-Nazi Party seized power in 1933:
>>Eliminated all political rivals.
>>Restricted Jews in business and education.
>>Began a massive rebuilding of military.
>>Public projects to stimulate economy.
>>Used terror with Gestapo (secret police).
>>Built concentration camps.
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Nazism (National Socialism)
-Hitler became Nazi Party leader; attacked the Weimar Republic as weak; attacked Versailles Treaty as too harsh on Germany
-Wrote Mein Kampf, where he stated that Germans were a superior race and Jews were the major cause of Germany's problems.
-Nazi Party seized power in 1933:
>>Eliminated all political rivals.
>>Restricted Jews in business and education.
>>Began a massive rebuilding of military.
>>Public projects to stimulate economy.
>>Used terror with Gestapo (secret police).
>>Built concentration camps.
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Key Events of World War II
-Worldwide conflict between
>>Axis Powers (Italy, Germany, Japan)
>>Allied Powers (Britain, U.S., Russia)
-League of Nations was too weak to maintain world peace.
-Hitler marched into Austria and seized it.
-Britain and France appeased Hitler, giving him a large part of Czechoslovakia.
-Hitler-Stalin Pact: Non-aggression pact. This allowed Hitler to invade Poland in 1939, which began World War II.
-Germans conquered Western Europe using lightning attacks, called blitzkriegs.
-Britain held out in Battle of Britain.
-Germany invaded Russia (1941).
-Japanese Aggression:
>>Japan attacked China (1937).
>>Launch a surprise air attack on Pearl Harbor (1941).
-Holocaust: Six million Jews killed in concentration camps, such as Auschwitz.
-Normandy landings in France in 1944 opened a second front against Germany.
-Germany surrendered in 1945.
-Atom Bomb: U.S. dropped atom bombs on Japanese cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
-Nuremberg Trials: Nazi leaders were put on trial for war crimes and genocide.
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Decolonization
After World War II, the imperial powers were weakened; colonies gained independence.
- South Asia: Gandhi used non-violent resistance; Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan created.
- Africa: Ghana was the first to achieve independence in 1957; other colonies soon followed; Problem of apartheid in South Africa: Nelson Mandela was elected President in 1994.
- Southeast Asia: Indonesians and Vietnamese fight; win independence from Holland and France.
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Cold War (1964-1991)
Global competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union; both armed with atomic weapons.
-Eastern
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Cold War (1964-1991)
Global competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union; both armed with atomic weapons.
- Eastern Europe: Despite Yalta Conference pledge, Soviets refused to hold free elections after World War II; allowed Communist puppet governments to take power.
- "Iron Curtain" Falls: Eastern Europe was cut off from contact with the West.
- NATO: Alliance formed by Western Europe and U.S. to protect against Soviets.
- Warsaw Pact: Alliance of Eastern European nations and Soviet Union as a countermeasure to NATO.
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Cold War (1964-1991)
Global competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union; both armed with atomic weapons.
- Eastern Europe: Despite Yalta Conference pledge, Soviets refused to hold free elections after World War II; allowed Communist puppet governments to take power.
- "Iron Curtain" Falls: Eastern Europe was cut off from contact with the West.
- NATO: Alliance formed by Western Europe and U.S. to protect against Soviets.
- Warsaw Pact: Alliance of Eastern European nations and Soviet Union as a countermeasure to NATO.
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Containment
President Truman took steps to block the spread of Soviet Communism in Europe.
- Truman Doctrine: President Truman announced U.S. would give military aid to all free peoples resisting Communism.
- Marshall Plan: Aid given to Wester European nations to rebuild their economies to help stop Communist revolutions.
- Korean War: United States assisted South Korea against invasion by North Korea. Later, Communist China entered the war on the side of North Korea.
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Communist China
Communists under Mao Zedong drove Nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek from China to Taiwan in 1949. Communists then controlled all aspects of life; killed businessmen and wealthy farmers.
- Great Leap Forward: Five-Year Plan that failed to industrialize China. Peasant lands were collectivized; 30-50 million died.
- Cultural Revolution: Mao's attempt to reinvigorate Communism in China was a disaster. Red Guards (Chinese students) forced educated people to work on farms in countryside; destroyed ancient works of art/
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Vietnam War
In 1954, French withdrew: Vietnam was split. Ho Chi Minh created Communist state in the north; South Vietnam favored the West.
- Elections: Reunification elections were never held as promised.
- Viet Cong: Guerilla fighters in South, called Viet Cong, had Northern help; by 1964, there were 500000 U.S. troops helping South Vietnam. U.S. officials feared the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia.
- Result: Despite advanced technology, U.S. could not turn tide. U.S. withdrew in 1973. Vietnam unified under Communism in 1975.
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The End of Soviet Communism
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Israel/Palestinian Conflict
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Other Challenges
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The End of Soviet Communism
Central planning could not compete with economic freedom of the West.
- Pope John Paul II and Lech Watesa fought for greater freedoms in Poland.
- Mikhail Gorbachev: Introduced reforms in the Soviet Union and lifted Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe, but his reforms failed.
- Berlin Wall: In 1989, the wall was finally opened.
- German Reunification: In 1990, Germany was reunited once again.
- Soviet Dissolution: In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved: was replaced by the C.I.S.
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Israel/Palestinian Conflict
-Palestine had been home to Jews and Arabs.
-Israeli Independence (1948).
>>The United Nations created a Jewish state out of Palestine.
>>Arabs rejected this and attacked Israel.
>>Thousands of Palestinians fled their homes to neighboring Arab states.
-Arab-Israeli Wars (1956, 1967, 1973).
>>After the 1967 war, Israel occupied the West Back and the Gaza Strip.
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Israel/Palestinian Conflict
-Palestine had been home to Jews and Arabs.
-Israeli Independence (1948).
>>The United Nations created a Jewish state out of Palestine.
>>Arabs rejected this and attacked Israel.
>>Thousands of Palestinians fled their homes to neighboring Arab states.
-Arab-Israeli Wars (1956, 1967, 1973).
>>After the 1967 war, Israel occupied the West Back and the Gaza Strip.
-Camp David Accords (1978)
>>Peace treaty with Egypt's Anwar al-Sadat.
>>Supported by President Jimmy Carter
>>Israel agreed to give back Sinai to Egypt.
-Oslo Accords: In 1993, Israel agreed to Palestinian Authority.
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Other Challenges
-Radical Islamic Fundamentalism
>>Iranian Revolution, 1979: Overthrew the Shah and established an Islamic state.
>>Al-Queda: Resents Western culture.
>>September 11, 2001: Terrorists attacked U.S.
>>Coalition forces went to war in Afghanistan and Iraq.
-Human Rights:
>>Genocide in Bosna, Kosovo, Rwanda, Burundi, and Darfur.
>>Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo: The disappearances of people in Argentina.
-Influential Women: Mother Teresa, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher.
-Globalization: New global culture and economy due to Internet, transportation.
