staiing

Question 1

coloring agent used for general purposes

Answer 1

Dye

Question 2

• – dye used for biological purposes (specific)

Answer 2

Stain

Question 3

derived from coal tar
rendered synthetically to become a stain

Answer 3

aniline dyes,

Question 4

o Colorless organic compound that can bind to the nitro
group of chromophores

Answer 4

Benzene

Question 5

Chemical groups with conjugated double bonds,
imparts color to the colorless benzene.

Answer 5

Chromophore

Question 6

Groups that intensify the color of chromophore by
conveying the property of ionization to the chromogen
and enabling it to form salts and binding to the
biological substance. This makes up the stain.

Answer 6

Auxochrome

Question 7

as “an organic compound
containing both chromophores and auxochrome link to the
benzene.

Answer 7

stain

Question 8

Natural stain

Answer 8

Example: hematoxylin, carmine

Question 9

synthetic

Answer 9

safranin, methylene blue, crystal violet, aniline etc

Question 10

stains bacteria directly

Answer 10

Aniline dyes

Question 11

indirect - stains only the background

Answer 11

India ink and Nigrosin dye

Question 12

stains based on staining activity

Answer 12

Based on staining activity
o Nuclear – staining the nucleus
▪ Acidic in nature
▪ Ex. Hematoxylin, Carmine
o Cytoplasmic – staining the cytoplasm
▪ Basic in nature
▪ Aniline blue, eosin
o Histologic – staining particular tissues
▪ Ex. Safranin

Question 13

e
o – negatively-charged chromophore, anionic;
more affinity to positively-charged cellular components
such as protein

Answer 13

Acidic

Question 14

– positively-charged chromophore, cationic,
more affinity for negatively-charged cellular
constituents such as the DNA and RNA

Answer 14

Basic

Question 15

basic dye example

Answer 15

Ex. Crystal violet, methylene blue, hematoxylin,
gentian violet

Question 16

neutral example

Answer 16

Ex. Giemsa stain, Lishman stain, Wright stain,
Romanowsky stain (used in hema)

Question 17

Protein will be coagulated and the bacterial cell will
adhere to the slide

Answer 17

Heat fixation

Question 18

Protects cellular structure and morphology of
larger and more delicate organisms

Answer 18

Chemical fixation

Question 19

Done through application of methanol or any
alcohol (dipping it for 5 to 6 times); it has to be
dried first before staining

Answer 19

o Chemical fixation

Question 20

▪ direct stains the bacteria

Answer 20

o Chemical fixation

Question 21

Uses a single stain, will create uniformity of color in all
materials found in the smear

Answer 21

Simple staining

Question 22

dye used for simple staining

Answer 22

usually basic dye

Question 23

Impart different colors to different bacteria, utilizes two or
more stains

Answer 23

Differential staining

Question 24

o Most widely used differential staining procedure

Answer 24

• Gram staining

Question 25

staining, called safranin,added

Answer 25

Karl Weigert

Question 26

what is the most critical step ion gram stain

Answer 26

Decolorization

Question 27

, Mycoplasma, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae

Answer 27

do not take up the dyes used in Gram stain or are too small to be seen with light microscopy

Question 28

stain weakly with gram stain (they are gram resistant

Answer 28

Mycobacteria

Question 29

To be visible on a slide, organisms that stain by the Gram method must be present in concentrations of about

Answer 29

104 to 105 organisms per ml of uncentrifuged fluid

Question 30

All cocci are gram positive except

Answer 30

Neisseria, Moraxella, Veillonella

Question 32

example of acid fast bacteria

Answer 32

Mycobacterium and Nocardia o Mycobacterium tuberculosis – causes tuberculosis o Mycobacterium leprae – causes leprosy; weakly acid fast bacteria (0.5% – 1% decolorizing solution instead of 3%

Question 34

counter stain for ziehl neelsen

Answer 34

methylene blue, malachite green

Question 35

acid fast result

Answer 35

: Acid fast bacilli – red : Non-acid fast bacilli - blue

Question 36

decolorizer of cold method or kinyoun

Answer 36

Reagents required: ▪ Carbol Fuchsin stain (filtered) ▪ Acid alcohol 3% v/v (or 20% sulfuric acid) ▪ Malachite green 5 g/l (0.5 w/v) or Methylene blue 5g/l

Question 37

in hot method it is heated to enable dye to penetrate the waxy mycobacterial cell wal

Answer 37

Phenol-carbol fuchsin stain

Question 38

Stain is not heated but the penetration is achieved by increasing concentration of basic fuchsin and phenol and incorporating a ‘wetting agent’ chemical

Answer 38

Cold method (Kinyoun Method)

Question 39

Primary fluorochrome and their AFB fluoresces

Answer 39

Auramine O Green Auramine O-Rhodamine B Yellow/orange Acridine Orange = Yellow/orange

Question 40

When no AFB are seen after examining 300 fields, report the smear as:

Answer 40

No AFB seen/300 visual fields

Question 41

Acid-fast organisms other than Mycobacterium

Answer 41

* Nocardia spp. – partial acid fast * Rhodococcus spp. – partial acid fast * Legionella micdadei – partial acid fast in tissue * Cyst of Cryptospordium – acid fast * Cyst of Isospora – acid fast

Question 42

kulng lols mernsa kailang account