STAINING

Question 1

what does a stain form that arises when there’s an electrical attraction with the cell component

Answer 1

COULOMBIC REACTION

Question 2

what does staining enhance

Answer 2

visualization of metabolic processes
differentiate live from dead cells
demo relp between internal and external extracellular structures
identify diff types of cells

Question 3

what do we need in order to form an insoluble colored precipitate

Answer 3

MORDANT

Question 4

direct staining is AKA

Answer 4

simple staining

Question 5

how many type of dye is used in direct staining

Answer 5

1

Question 6

how many colors do we see after direct staining

Answer 6

1

Question 7

example of direct staining

Answer 7

methylene blue stain demonstrating malassezia furfur fungi

Question 8

mordants are integral to this procedure

Answer 8

indirect staining

Question 9

what do we form when mordant binds with the stain

Answer 9

colored “lake”

Question 10

allows counterstaining procedure

Answer 10

indirect staining

Question 11

example of indirect staining

Answer 11

eosin-nigrosin staining of human sperm. Nigrosin as the indirect stain

Question 12

colors the cells

Answer 12

direct

Question 13

color the bg

Answer 13

indirect

Question 14

we are increasing intensity of the stain

Answer 14

progressive staining

Question 15

example of progressive stainig

Answer 15

progressive papanicolau stained smear
blood smear

Question 16

we use no decolorizer

Answer 16

progressive staining

Question 17

slides overstained, decolorized using acid alcohol, affinity either retain or abstain

Answer 17

regressive staining

Question 18

example of regressive stainingv

Answer 18

regressive papanicolau stained smear
routine H and E
gram staining

Question 19

use of more than one chemical stain to differentiate structures

Answer 19

differential staining

Question 20

what do we apply excessively in differential staingn

Answer 20

basic dyes

Question 21

what do we apply at the end of differential stain

Answer 21

acid stain

Question 22

same color bg and the cell

Answer 22

orthochromatic

Question 23

giving substance a color diff from the stain

Answer 23

metachromatic staining

Question 24

we use metachromatic stains in demonstrating

Answer 24

cartilage
connective tissues
mucins
mast cell granules
amyloid

Question 25

exmaple of metachromatic staingn

Answer 25

loefflers methylene blue stain on corynebacterium diphtheriae stains black PAS stain for mucin stains blue others magenta

Question 26

reudces tissues producing opacity, giving black color

Answer 26

metallic stainng

Question 27

what are metallic stains based on

Answer 27

gold and silver based

Question 28

selective staingn of living cells and components

Answer 28

vital staining

Question 29

example of vital staining

Answer 29

ribosomal RNA fragments in reticulocytes stained with New meth blue

Question 30

injected, produce cell coloration, uses the dyes: (INCALI) india ink, carmine, lithium

Answer 30

intravital staining

Question 31

applied on extracted cells stains used are toxic to the cells

Answer 31

supravital staining

Question 32

where is hematoxylin derived from

Answer 32

heartwood of the tree HEMATOXYLON CAMPECHIANUM

Question 33

what oxidized product of hematoxylin acts as the dye

Answer 33

HEMATEIN

Question 34

hematoxylin is anionic/ cationic

Answer 34

anionic

Question 35

without mordant, hematoxylin has __ affinity to tissue

Answer 35

poor

Question 36

mordants of hematoxylin

Answer 36

(MALIT) molybdenum aluminum lead irin tungsten salts

Question 37

oxidation method of hematoxylin

Answer 37

natural and chemical natural (ripening) exposing to light and air for 3-4 months chemical sodium iodate in mayers hematoxylin

Question 38

most frequently used hematoxylin good nuclear stainign

Answer 38

alum hematoxylin

Question 39

mordant for alum

Answer 39

aluminum potassium sulfate (potash alum) aluminum ammonium sulfate (ammonium alum)

Question 40

what color does alum give to nuclei

Answer 40

red

Question 41

when you wash the nuclei with a weak alkali soln, it converts from red to

Answer 41

blue-black color

Question 42

example of a weak alkali soln for alum

Answer 42

satd LiCO3 0.05% ammonia in distilled water scotts tap water substitute

Question 43

iron hematoxylin uses iron salts as

Answer 43

mordant and oxidizing agent

Question 44

mordant of iron hemtxylin

Answer 44

FeCl3 ferric ammonium sulfate

Question 45

what is iron hematoxylin good for

Answer 45

demonstrating wide range of tissue detail intranuclear muscle striation elastic fiber myelin

Question 46

problem with iron hmtxylin

Answer 46

over-oxidation

Question 47

the only type of tungsten hematoxylin

Answer 47

mallorys phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin technique

Question 48

mordant of tungsten hmtxylin

Answer 48

1% ag phosphotungstic acid

Question 49

hematoxylin usable for many years

Answer 49

tungsten hmtxylin

Question 50

what sturcture is tungsted applicable

Answer 50

fibrin muscle striation glial fiber

Question 51

mordant of molybdenum hematox

Answer 51

molybdic acid

Question 52

to what structure is molybdenum hematox recommended

Answer 52

collagen coarse reticulin argentaffin cells

Question 53

mordant of lead hematox

Answer 53

lead salts

Question 54

lead hematox is practical for the demo of what

Answer 54

endocrine cell granules in the alimentary canal

Question 55

what do we use in demo of various minerals in tissue sections like Pb, Fe, Cu

Answer 55

hematox w/o mordant

Question 56

a fluorescent, xanthene dye

Answer 56

eosin

Question 57

what is eosin best paired up with

Answer 57

alum hematoxylin (ehrlich)

Question 58

most widely used eosin

Answer 58

eosin y

Question 59

sub for eosin

Answer 59

phloxine biebrich scarlet

Question 60

dyes for biological sample staining

Answer 60

natural (from plants/insects) synthetic (coal tar dyes)

Question 61

natural dye

Answer 61

hematoxylin cochineal dyes

Question 62

cochineal dyes is extracted from

Answer 62

cochineal bug (coccus cacti)

Question 63

what do we treat cochineal dye to produce carmine

Answer 63

alum

Question 64

what does carmine stains

Answer 64

chromatin and nucleus

Question 65

whats combined with cochineal dye to produce PICROCARMINE

Answer 65

picric

Question 66

whats picrocarmine for

Answer 66

neuropathological studies

Question 67

whats combined with cochineal dye to produce BEST CARMINE

Answer 67

aluminum chloride

Question 68

what does best carmine stain

Answer 68

collagen

Question 69

synthetic dyes are derived from

Answer 69

benzene

Question 70

synthetic dyes are collectively known as

Answer 70

aniline dyes

Question 71

synthetic dyes are categorized as

Answer 71

chromogens

Question 72

provide ability to form salt bridges

Answer 72

auxochrome

Question 73

synthetic dyes are subclassified to 3 grps

Answer 73

acidic (picrid acid) collagen, eosinophilic granules of wbc basic (meth blue) chromatin, mucus, cartilage matrix neutral (romanowsky, giemsa, irishman) requires tissues to be fixed in alcohol

Question 74

oldest stain used

Answer 74

iondine

Question 75

solvents for stain

Answer 75

water alcohol aniline phenol

Question 76

exception for the routine Hand E staining sequence

Answer 76

fixed by osmic acid soln

Question 77

H&E staining sequence

Answer 77

deparaffinization xylene 1 (3mins) xylene 2 (2mins) rehydration absolute ethanol (2mins) 95% ethanol (1-2 mins) RINSE (1min) primary stain (red) harris hematoxylin (5mins) RINSE decolorize 1% acid alcohol (10-30 sec) RINSE blueing ammonia water/lithium carbonate RINSE counterstain 1% aqueous eosin Y (5min) RINSE dehydrate ethanol in inc. concentration clear xylene 1, 2 dry mount

Question 78

why is forzen section staining necessary

Answer 78

for rapid diagnosis

Question 79

other staining methods

Answer 79

thionine- nissl bodies alcoholic pinacyanol method- mitoch, photog polychrome meth blue

Question 79

other staining methods

Answer 79

thionine- nissl bodies polychrome meth blue alcoholic pinacyanol method- mitoch, photog

Question 79

forzen section h and e progressive

Answer 79

orient freeze cut (5-10um) slide (w/ albumin) fix (10% formalin) RINSE primary stain (harris hematox 30-45s) RINSE blue (ammonia water 5s) RINSE counterstain (5% aq eosin 1min) RINSE

Question 80

who developed Papanicolaou staining

Answer 80

george nicholas papanicolaou

Question 81

papanicolaou staining is a modification of what staining meth

Answer 81

H&E

Question 82

what is incorporated in pap stain

Answer 82

Orange G6 / OG6 and EA-50

Question 83

what hue does pap stain provide to cells

Answer 83

green blue pink

Question 84

what study is pap stain ideal

Answer 84

cervical cytology

Question 85

failure of staining caused by

Answer 85

paraffin not removed fixatives not washed out decalcifying agent not washed out stain is faulty

Question 86

fuzzy stain caused by

Answer 86

old reagent moisture on coverslip too much albumin on slide

Question 87

section fail to stick after stain

Answer 87

dirty/oily slide fast transition in alcohol bath section not spread well adhesive is old (turbid, putrid odor)