Staining Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Nucleus/nucleic acid affinity
A
Basic stains
2
Q
Cytoplasm (basic) affinity
A
Acidic stains
3
Q
Direct interaction w/ a dye or staining solution
A
Histologic staining
4
Q
For hemosiderin (ferric iron) Deep blue color
A
Perl’s prussian blue
5
Q
Stains glycogen, mucoproteins, hyaline casts, glomerular basement membrane
Color magenta
A
Periodic acid schiff
6
Q
Uses aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions (e.g. methylene blue, eosin) to produce a color
A
Direct staining
7
Q
Uses a mordant or another agent to intensify the action of the dye used
Ex: gram stain, hematoxylin
A
Indirect staining
8
Q
Serves as a link/bridge b/w the tissue & the dye
Ex:
potassium alum w/ hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
Iron in weigert’s hematoxylin
A
Mordant
9
Q
Insoluble tissue mordant dye complex
A
Dye + mordant
10
Q
Hastens the staining rxn by ⬆️ the staining power & selectivity of the dye
Ex:
Potassium hydroxide in loeffler’s methylene blue
Phenol in carbol thionine & carbol fuchsin
A
Accentuator
11
Q
No over staining
Tissue elements are stained in definite sequence
No decolorizer is applied
A
Progressive staining
12
Q
Overstaining is done
A
Regressive staining
13
Q
Selective removal of excess stain so that a specific substance may stain distinctly from the surrounding tissue
Ex: acid alcohol
A
Decolorizer
14
Q
Staining w/ a color that is different from that of the stain itself All are cationic or basic dyes belonging to thizine & triphenylmethane groups Ex: Methyl violet Bismarck brown Methylene blue Toluidine blue Cresyl blue
A
Metachromatic staining
15
Q
Important in metachromatic staining
A
Water
16
Q
Tends to lose the metachromatic stain
A
Alcohol
17
Q
For contrast & background
A
Counterstaining
18
Q
Most common counter stain
A
Eosin
19
Q
Red cytoplasmic stains (EEP)
A
Eosin y
Eosin b
Phloxine b
20
Q
Yellow cytoplasmic stains (POR)
A
Picric acid
Orange g
Rose bengal
21
Q
Green cytoplasmic stains (LL)
A
Light green sf
Lissamine green
22
Q
Red nuclear stains (NSCH)
A
Neutral red
Safranin o
Carmine
Hematoxylin
23
Q
Blue nuclear stains (MTC)
A
Methylene blue
Toluidine blue
Celestine blue
24
Q
Demonstration of tissue elements using solutions of metallic salts that are deposited on the tissue surface
A
Metallic impregnation
25
The selective staining of living cell constituents
Vital stains
26
Resistant to vital stains
| Staining of this indicates cell is already dead
Nucleus
27
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Type of vital staining by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body
Ex:
Lithium
Carmine
India ink
```
Intravital staining
28
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Type of vital staining where it is used immediately after removal of cells from the living body
Ex:
Neutral red
Janus green
Trypan blue
Nile blue
Thionine
Toluidine blue
```
Supravital staining
29
Best vital dye
Neutral red
30
Natural dye obtained from hematoxylin campechianum: mexican tree
Hematoxylin
31
Active coloring in hematoxylin
Hematin
32
Extracted from coccus cacti: female cochineal bug
Cochineal dyes
33
Demonstration of glycogen: highly specific
| Bright red color
Best’s carmine
34
Extracted from lichens
Used for staining elastic fibers of skin
Also the source of litmus paper
Aka taenzer unna method
Orcein
35
Aka coal tar dyes or aniline dyes
| Derived from hydrocarbon benzene
Synthetic dyes
36
Substances w/ definite atomic groupings that are capable of producing visible color but not permanent
Chromophore
37
Simple benzene compounds that contain chromophores
Chromogens
38
Substances that are added to a chromogen w/c alters the property of the chromogen by altering its shade, enabling it to form salts w/ another compound & enables it to retain its color in the tissue
Auxochrome
39
Impart color that is permanent
| Chromophore + auxochrome
Dyes
40
Most commonly used for histologic studies
| Filtered prior to use
Hematoxylin
41
Example of aluminum hematoxylin
| Routinely used in nuclear staining
Harris hematoxylin
42
Excellent nuclear stain
Stains mucin
Recommended for bone & cartilage
Glycerin added to slow oxidation & to prolong shelf life of hematoxylin
Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
43
Most commonly used eosin
Soluble in water
Green yellow fluorescence
Eosin y
44
Deeper red color form of eosin
Eosin b, erythrosin b
45
Eosin form soluble in alcohol
Eosin s, ethyl eosin
46
For demonstration of connective tissues ➡️ collagen fibers
| Simplest method
Van gieson’s stain
47
Green fluorescence in acridine orange
Dna
48
Red fluorescence in acridine orange
Rna
49
Most popular method for acid mucins
| Blue color
Alcian blue
50
Carcinogenic
For staining hemoglobin
In fobt
Benzidine
51
Used as counterstain for gram’s technique, acid fast, pap’s
| Used for staining diphtheria organisms
Bismarck brown
52
Best known as an indicator
| Stains elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin
Congo red
53
7.2 pH
| Used for staining blood to differentiate wbcs & parasites
Giemsa stain
54
Also a mordant
For washing out excess mercuric chloride
Oldest stain
Stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, glycogen
Iodine
55
Stains microorganisms & fibrin in tissue sections
Gram’s iodine
56
Used as test for glycogen, amyloid & corpora amylacea
Lugol’s iodine
57
For demonstrating mitochondria during supravital staining
Janus green b
58
Counterstain for ascaris eggs, erythrocytes, bacterial spore stain (fulton schaeffer)
Malachite green
59
Used to stain fat ➡️ black
Osmium tetroxide
60
Used w/ osmic acid to fix & stain blood & glandular tissues
Rhodamine b
61
Used for identification of spirochetes, reticulum, fiber stains
Silver nitrate
62
Used as nuclear stain in fixed tissues, stains nissl granules or chromophilic bodies
Most useful and informative stain for plastic embedded tissue sections
Toluidine blue
63
Demonstrates neuroglia in frozen sections
Victoria blue
64
Property of tissues to be stained w/ fat or oil soluble dyes
Sudanophilia
65
Not real dyes
| Lack auxochrome
Lysochromes
66
Most sensitive of the oil soluble dyes
Stains phospholipids, neutral fats
Black color
Sudan black b
67
Aka scharlach r
Most commonly used
Stain neutral fats
Color red
Sudan iv
68
1st sudan dye
| Less deep, light orange stain
Sudan iii
69
Stains neutral fats & lipofucsin
Oil red o
70
Stain for unsaturated fats in frozen section
| Acts also as a fixative for EM
Osmic acid
71
Pas -
| Alcian blue +
Acid mucopolysaccharides
72
Alcian blue -
| Pas +
Neutral mucopolysaccharides
73
Method of choice for glycogen
| Color red
Pas w/ diastase control
74
Oldest stain for glycogen but obsolete
| Color mahogany brown
Langhan’s iodine method
75
Most useful metachromatic dye
Fixative: mercuric chloride
Crimson or red violet color
Azure a
76
Stains encapsulated fungi such as cryptococcus neoformans
| Red color
Southgate’s mucicarmine technique
77
Most commonly used fixative for aa histochem
Neutral buffered formol saline
78
Most common technique for histochemical demonstration of enzymes
Metal precipitation
79
For histones & protamines
| Green color
Alkaline fast green
80
For cystine & cysteine
| Blue green color
Peracetic acid alcian blue
81
For arginine
| Orange red color
Sakaguchi’s
82
Most reliable & specific biochem technique for dna
Feulgen technique
83
Methyl green pyronin rxn of dna
Methyl green
84
Methyl green pyronin rxn of rna
Pyronin (red)
85
Most widely used stain for enzyme histochem
Fluorescein
86
Most commonly used fluorochrome
Acridine orange
87
Most sensitive technique in id of nucleic acids
In situ hybridization
88
3 steps in pcr
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension/elongation
89
Most abundant ct fiber
Collagen
90
Insoluble fibrillar protein
Fibrin
91
Eosinophilic material
Identical staining reactions to fibrin
Seen in collagen diseases, hypersensitivity, SLE etc
Fibrionoid
92
Wide variety of pathologic exudates & deposits
| Stain: PAS (non specifically)
Hyalin
93
Semi translucent, ground glass or hyaline eosinophilic substance composed of chondroitin sulfuric acid protein complex deposited in CT cells, kidney, spleen, adrenals etc.
Amyloid
94
Method of choice for amyloid
| Color red
Alkaline congo red
95
Fluorescent stain for amyloid
| Silver blue/yellow fluorescence
Thioflavine
96
Primary stain for bone
H and e
97
Standard popular method for collagen in bone
| Blue color
Masson trichrome
98
Recommended fixative for bone marrow
Zenker’s solution
99
Anticoagulant for bone marrow smear
Edta
100
All myeloid cells are + except basophils
Lymphocytes & erythroblasts -
Color green to dark blue
Peroxidase
101
Demonstrates neuritic plaques & neurofibrillary tangles for alzheimer’s disease
Bodian’s
| Sevier munger
102
Iron containing pigment of hemoglobin
| Yellow to brown granules
Hemosiderin
103
Iron free pigment of hemoglobin
| Bright yellow pigment
Hematoidin
104
Hemoglobin minus the globin molecule
Hematin
105
Black granule produced by malarial parasites
Hemozoin
106
Wear and tear pigment
Seen among elderly patients (liver cells)
Iron free brownish pigment
Lipofucsin
107
Most common exogenous pigments
In lung tissue
Appear as jet black pigments on lungs and adjacent lymph nodes
Can be confused with melanin
Carbon
108
Deposition of carbon in lungs
Anthracosis
109
Inhalation of silica
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
110
For hemosiderin (ferrous iron)
Bright blue color
Rarely used
Turnbull’s blue
111
For melanin and argentaffin
Black color
Silver stain
Masson fontana
112
Indirect method for calcium
| Black color
Von kossa’s silver nitrate
113
For copper
| Red to orange red color
Lindquist’s modified rhodamine technique
114
Recommended mounting medium to prevent copper fading
Apathy’s mountant
115
Negative birefringence
| Color yellow
Monosodium urate
116
Positive birefringence
| Blue color
Calcium pyrophosphate
117
Used as a counterstain to replace neutral red
Twort’s stain
118
For nocardia and actinomyces
Gram positive blue
Gram negative red
Brown and brenn
119
For mycobacterium leprae and nocardia
| Afb color red
Wade fite
120
For helicobacter
| Blue violet color
Toluidine blue
121
For legionella and spirochetes
| Dark brown to black color
Dieterle method
122
For spirochetes
| Black color
Levaditi’s
123
For spirochetes
Also stains donovan bodies, fungi and bacteria
Black color
Modified steiner and steiner
124
For fungi
| Sharply outlined black color
Grocott methenamine silver
125
For viral inclusions
| Bright red color
Lendrum’s phloxine tartrazine
126
For hbsag or australia antigen
| Brown black color
Orcein
127
For blood and marrow parasites, toxoplasma, spirochetes
Giemsa
128
First general stain for electron microscopy
Phosphotungstic acid
129
Best or superior stain for electron microscopy
Uranyl acetate
130
Primary or secondary staining for electron microscopy
Lead
131
Normally expressed by central nervous system glial cells especially astrocytes
Gfap
132
Best screening marker for lymphoma
| Aka cd45
Leukocyte common antigen
