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Histopathology (Lec & Lab) > STAINING (INCOMPLETE kay Chenney ang sumpay hahaha) > Flashcards

STAINING (INCOMPLETE kay Chenney ang sumpay hahaha) Flashcards

1
Q

Alkaline structures (cytoplasm) are stained by?

A

Acidic stains (Eosin)

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2
Q

Enables one to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics and structural relationships of tissues and their cells

A

Staining/Dyeing

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3
Q

Staining/Dyeing is made possible through?

A
  • capillary osmosis
  • solubility
  • absorption and
  • adsorption of stains or dyes by tissue
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4
Q

Acidic structures (nucleus) are stained by?

A

alkaline/basic stains (hematoxylin)

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5
Q

The process whereby the tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution,
producing coloration of the active tissue component

A

Histological staining

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6
Q

Enumerate the stains used for Histological Staining

A
  • Microanatomic stains
  • Bacterial stains
  • Specific tissue stains
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7
Q

Used to demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Histological staining

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8
Q

The process whereby various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance

A

Histochemical staining or Histochemistry

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9
Q

A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under
the microscope, using a wide range of monoclonal, fluorescent-labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies

A

Immunohistochemical staining or Immunohistochemistry

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10
Q

Enumerate the stains used for Histochemistry Staining

A
  • Perl’s Prussian Blue (hemoglobin); demonstrates ferric iron (Fe3+) in
    tissues
  • Periodic Acid Schiff (Carbohydrates)
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11
Q

Enumerate the Classifications of Staining

A

1) Histological staining
2) Histochemical staining
3) Immunohistochemical staining

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12
Q

It is the basis of histochemistry

A

Specific staining

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13
Q

It is accomplished by controlled, specific chemical reactions designed to give a final color (staining) at the site/location of the structure of the substances in the cells or tissues

A

Specific staining

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14
Q

Enumerate the stains used for Specific staining

A
  • Perl’s Prussian blue reaction
  • Periodic Acid Schiff technique
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15
Q

The action of the dye is intensified by some other agents

A

Indirect staining

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16
Q

The staining of tissue by means of simple alcoholic/aqueous
solution of the dye

A

Simple staining/ Direct staining

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17
Q

Enumerate the stains used for Simple staining/ Direct staining

A

Methylene Blue and Eosin

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18
Q

Substance which when taken up by the tissue, helps make the in return serving as a link or bridge to make the staining reaction possible.

A

Mordant

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19
Q

An integral part of the staining reaction itself, without which, no staining could possibly occur

A

Mordant

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20
Q

Combines with a dye forming a colored “lake” which combines with tissue to form an insoluble “tissue-mordant-dye complex

A

Mordant

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21
Q

Enumerate the stains used as a mordant

A
  • Potassium Alum with Hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
  • Iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin
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22
Q

Chemical substances that does not participate but merely increases or heightens the color intensity, selectivity and crispness of the stain

A

Accentuator

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23
Q

Differ from mordants in that they do not bind or link the tissue to the dye

A

Accentuator

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24
Q

Enumerate the stains used as an Accentuator

A
  • Potassium hydroxide (KOH) in Loeffler’s Methylene blue
  • Phenol in carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin
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25
Q

Staining is continued in a definite sequence until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained

A

Progressive staining

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26
Q

No washing/ differentiation/ decolorization in between is
required solely relies on the selective affinity of dyes for different cellular elements

A

Progressive staining

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27
Q

Enumerate the stains used in Progressive staining

A

Gill’s hematoxylin and Mayer’s hematoxylin

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28
Q

The tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed until the desired intensity is obtained

A

Regressive staining

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29
Q

What are the two principles of regressive staining

A
  • Overstaining
  • Washing/ Differentiation/ Decolorization
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30
Q

This refers to selective removal of excess stain from tissue

A

Washing/ Differentiation/ Decolorization

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31
Q

Enumerate the stains used for regressive staining

A
  • Acid Fast Staining
  • Gram Staining
  • Harris hematoxylin
  • Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
  • Delafield’s hematoxylin
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32
Q

This is a slower staining process in which the tissue is left in the staining solution just long enough to reach the desired endpoint

A

Progressive staining

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33
Q

This is a more rapid staining process in which the tissue is deliberately over stained and then de-stained

A

Regressive staining

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34
Q

This method of staining rapidly diffuses over the entire cell

A

Regressive staining

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35
Q

This method of staining is slow and selective in staining of tissue components

A

Progressive staining

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36
Q

Entails the use of the specific dyes that stains tissues with a color that is different from that of the stain color itself

A

Metachromatic staining or Metachromasia

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37
Q

Metachromatic staining is particularly employed for staining of:

A

i. Cartilage
ii. Epithelial mucins
iii. Connective tissues
iv. Amyloid
v. Mast Cell granules

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38
Q

Basic dyes belonging to Thizine and Triphenylmethane groups

A

Metachromatic dye

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39
Q

Enumerate the stain used for Metachromatic staining

A

Cresyl Blue for reticulocytes

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40
Q

The application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated

A

Counterstaining

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41
Q

What stain is used for counterstaining?

A

Eosin — for the cytoplasm

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42
Q

The selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle (Cytoplasmic Phagocytosis)

A

Vital staining

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43
Q

This is resistant to vital stains, and therefore is not demonstrated

A

Nucleus of the living cell

44
Q

Demonstration of nuclear structures during vital staining suggests permeability of the membrane by the dye, signifying the?

A

Death of the cell

45
Q

This vital stain is used to stain reticuloendothelial system

A

Trypan blue

46
Q

True vital staining of mitochondria

A

Janus Green B

47
Q

Done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body
(either intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous) producing
specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the RES.

A

Intravital staining

48
Q

What are the common dyes used for intravital staining?

A
  • Lithium
  • India ink
  • Carmine
49
Q

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body

A

Supravital staining

50
Q

This is probably the best vital dye

A

Neutral red

51
Q

Makes use of heavy metals which are precipitated with selectivity of certain cellular and tissue components

A

Metallic impregnation

52
Q

What is the greatest application of metallic impregnation?

A

Greatest application in tissue from the CNS and for the demonstration of reticulin

53
Q

Differs from staining because it consists of an opaque black particulate precipitate

A

Metallic impregnation

54
Q

The most commonly used agent for impregnation

A

Silver nitrate

55
Q

A stain for metallic impregnation that is used for demonstration of lipids

A

Osmium tetroxide

56
Q

Are those obtained from plants and animals, previously utilized
for dyeing of wool and cotton

A

Natural dyes

57
Q

The most important and the most commonly used for routine histologic studies

A

Hematoxylin

58
Q

A vegetable dye extracted from lichens which are normally colorless, but when treated with ammonia and expose to air, produce blue or violet colors

A

Orcein

58
Q

Mainly used for staining Elastic fibers

A

Orcein

58
Q

Cochineal is an old histologic dye extracted from the?

A

Female cochineal bug (coccus cacti)

58
Q

A plant with orange stigmas yielding a dye

A

Saffron

59
Q

Enumerate the four natural dyes

A
  • Hematoxylin
  • Orcein
  • Cochineal
  • Saffron
60
Q

Sometimes known as “coal tar dyes” since they were originally manufactured from substances that have been taken from coal tar

A

Synthetic dyes

61
Q

Derived from the hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as aniline dyes

A

Synthetic dyes

62
Q

A synthetic dye should consist two substances namely:

A

1) Chromophores
2) Auxochromes

63
Q

A Greek word which means “color-bearers”

A

Chromophores

64
Q

Substances capable of producing visible colors

A

Chromophores

65
Q

Substances which impart to the compound property of electrolytic dissociation, thereby altering the shade of the dye, giving it the property of forming salts with another compound and ultimately retaining its color

A

Auxochromes

66
Q

A Greek word which means “color increaser”

A

Auxochromes

67
Q

For a chromogen to be a dye, it must be composed of an _________ and therefore have salt-forming properties, ultimately retaining its color

A

acid and a base

68
Q

The coloring property is attributed to the __________ and the dyeing property to the salty forming __________,

A

chromophore and auxochrome, respectively

69
Q

A process of selective removal of excess dye

A

Differentiation

70
Q

If the dye is a basic one, differentiation is carried out by an?

A

Acid solution

71
Q

An alkaline medium is used for differentiation after?

A

an acid dye

72
Q

A specialized fixative used in frozen section which serves to
localize antigens and hydrolytic enzymes

A

Formol calcium

73
Q

It is also used for preservation of lipids

A

Formol calcium

74
Q

It is similar with H and E technique but the differentiation stage
is omitted

A

Modified H & E technique

75
Q

H & E staining color reaction of: Cytoplasm & proteins in edema fluid

A

pale pink

76
Q

H & E staining color reaction of: Cartilage

A

Light blue to Dark Blue

77
Q

H & E staining color reaction of:
Decalcified bone
Osteoid
Collagen

A

Pink

77
Q

H & E staining color reaction of: Muscle fiber

A

deep pink

78
Q

H & E staining color reaction of:
RBC
Eosinophil granules
Keratin

A

Bright orange to Red

79
Q

H & E staining color reaction of: Calcium & Calcified bone

A

Purplish blue

80
Q

H & E staining color reaction of:
Plasma cells
Osteoblast
Basophilic cytoplasm

A

Purplish pink

81
Q

H & E staining color reaction of: Karyosome

A

Dark blue

82
Q

H & E staining color reaction of: Nucleus

A

Blue to blue-black

83
Q

Hematoxylin is a natural dye that is extracted from the core of heartwood of the?

A

tree Haematoxylon campechianum

84
Q

By far the most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologist due to its powerful nuclear and active coloring agent

A

Hematoxylin

85
Q

Usually done by exposing the substance to air and sunlight, thereby oxidizing hematoxylin

A

Ripening

86
Q

Ripening is a slow process which usually takes about ______? But it can be accelerated by adding ________

A

3-4 months; strong oxidizing agents

87
Q

Without this the ripened hematoxylin is almost useless because of its inherent low affinity for the tissue itself

A

Mordant

88
Q

The complex of stain and mordant is called a

A

“lake”

89
Q

Enumerate the examples of Mordants

A
  • Aluminum
  • Chromium
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Tungsten/ Phospotungstic acid (PTAH)
  • Ferric salt
90
Q

This causes an intense blue-black appearance when used as a mordant

A

Ferric salt

91
Q

This is the most commonly used mordant. Gives a blue lake appearance. And increases the selectivity for nuclei, especially if acid is added or is used as a differentiating agent

A

Aluminum

92
Q

A red acid dye used for cytoplasm differentially

A

Eosin

93
Q

Commonly used as a background or contrast stain because it gives a leasing and useful contrast to nuclear stains such as hematoxylin

A

Eosin

94
Q

Enumerate the examples of Eosin

A
  • Eosin Y (Most commonly used)
  • Eosin B (Rarely used)
  • Eosin S/ Ethyl Eosin (Rarely used)
95
Q

Papanicolaou stain makes use of three stains. What are these stains

A
  • Hematoxylin
  • OG- 6 (orange-green)
  • Eosin Azure
96
Q

In papanicolaou stain, this is used for staining nuclear structures

A

Hematoxylin

97
Q

In papanicolaou stain, this is used for staining cytoplasm of mature cells (ex Mature superficial cells)

A

OG- 6 (orange-green)

98
Q

In papanicolaou stain, this is used for staining cytoplasm of immature cells (ex. Intermediate and parabasal cells)

A

Eosin Azure

99
Q

Eosin azure is composed of?

A

Eosin, Bismarck brown, Lithium carbonate, PTA, Light green stain
(36,50,65)

100
Q

What is omitted in the modified pap’s stain?

A

Bismarck brown dye

101
Q

What are improved in the modified pap’s stain?

A

1) Sharpness of color
2) Brilliant staining reactions

102
Q

In Modified H & E technique, what stage is omitted?

A

Differentiation stage

Histopathology (Lec & Lab) (7 decks)

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