Staining Part 1

Question 1

Cause of Tissue block smells like xylene

Answer 1

Incomplete impregnation

Question 2

Cause of Moist block that tends to crumble

Answer 2

Incomplete impregnation, problem in embedding

Question 3

Cause of Air holes on trimmed tissue block

Answer 3

Incomplete impregnation, problem in embedding

Question 4

Cause of Very hard tissues; tissue shrinkage

Answer 4

Over fixation, over dehydration, over clearing, overheated paraffin wax

Question 5

Cause of Tissue becomes opaque

Answer 5

Problem in clearing

Question 6

Cause of Soft and mushy tissue

Answer 6

Under fixation

Question 7

Cause of Clearing agent becomes milky

Answer 7

Incomplete dehydration

Question 8

Cause of Brittle; hard tissue

Answer 8

Over fixation, over dehydration, over clearing, overheated paraffin wax

Question 9

Application of dyes on tissue sections to study the architectural patterns and physical characteristics of cell

Answer 9

Staining

Question 10

What stain is used for nucleus?

Answer 10

basic stains (basophilic)- Acidic

Question 11

What stain is used for cytoplasm?

Answer 11

acidic stains (acidophilic)- Basic

Question 12

Groups of tissue staining: (3)

Answer 12

Histologic Stains
Histochemical/Histochemistry
Immunohistochemical Staining

Question 13

produce coloration of the active tissue component

Answer 13

Histologic Stains

Question 14

tissue constituents are demonstrated in section by direct interaction with a dye

Answer 14

Histologic Stains

Question 15

tissue is demonstrated thru chemical reaction

Answer 15

Histochemical/Histochemistry

Question 16

active agent of stain is used as substrate upon which enzyme acts

Answer 16

Enzyme histochemistry

Question 17

Stains under histochemical/histochemistry (2)

Answer 17

Perl’s Prussian Blue
Periodic Acid Schiff

Question 18

Stain for hemoglobin and its color

Answer 18

Perl’s Prussian Blue
Blue color

Question 19

Stain for carbohydrates and its color

Answer 19

Periodic Acid Schiff
Red color or orange

Question 20

detects tissue antigen

Answer 20

Immunohistochemical Staining

Question 21

detection of phenotypic markers that are detected by antibodies

Answer 21

Immunohistochemical Staining

Question 22

Example of Immunohistochemical Staining: (2)

Answer 22

Monoclonal, Polyclonal labeled antibodies

Question 23

Methods of staining (8)

Answer 23

Direct staining
Indirect staining
Progressive staining
Regressive staining
Metachromic staining
Counterstaining
Metallic Impregnation
Vital staining

Question 24

uses aqueous or alcoholic dyes to give color ex. Methylene blue, eosin

Answer 24

Direct staining

Question 25

the action of the dye is intensified by addition of another agent (mordant & accentuator)

Answer 25

Indirect staining

Question 26

serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye

Answer 26

Mordant

Question 27

no decolorizer; staining with specific periods of time or until desired color is attained (gradual application)

Answer 27

Progressive staining

Question 28

tissue is overstained first, removed excess stain by decolorization

Answer 28

Regressive staining

Question 29

- basic dyes or cations - staining tissue with a color that is different from the stain itself (can be used to stain Connective tissue, epithelial mucins amyloid, mast cell granules)

Answer 29

Metachromic staining

Question 30

Metachromic staining can be used to stain (4)

Answer 30

Connective tissue epithelial mucins amyloid mast cell granules

Question 31

Example of metachromic stains (9)

Answer 31

methyl violet/ Crystal violet, Cresyl blue, Safranin, Bismarck brown, Basic Fuchsin, Methylene blue, Thionine, Toluidine blue and Azure A,B,C

Question 32

involves application of different color to produce contrast and background

Answer 32

Counterstaining

Question 33

CYTOPLASMIC STAINS: red

Answer 33

Eosin Y Eosin B Phloxine B

Question 34

CYTOPLASMIC STAINS: Yellow

Answer 34

Picric acid Orange G Rose Bengal

Question 35

CYTOPLASMIC STAINS: greem

Answer 35

Light Green SF Lissamine green

Question 36

Cytoplasmic stains: (3)

Answer 36

Red Yellow Green

Question 37

Nuclear stains (2)

Answer 37

Red Blue

Question 38

NUCLEAR STAINS: red

Answer 38

Neutral red Safranin O Carmine Hematoxylin

Question 39

NUCLEAR STAINS: blue

Answer 39

Methylene blue Toluidine blue Celestine blue

Question 40

process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts

Answer 40

Metallic Impregnation

Question 41

-reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue or bacteria

Answer 41

Metallic Impregnation

Question 42

Example of Metallic Impregnation (2)

Answer 42

Gold chloride Silver nitrate

Question 43

selective staining of living cells constituents

Answer 43

Vital staining

Question 44

______ is resistant and therefore not demonstrated (if stained it is indicative of cell death)

Answer 44

Nucleus

Question 45

Types of vital staining (2)

Answer 45

Intravital stain Supravital stain

Question 46

stain is injected to any part of the living body (Intravenous, Intraperitoneal, Subcutaneous) Ex: Lithium, Carmine, Indian Ink

Answer 46

Intravital stain

Question 47

the stains applied immediately after removal of cells from the living body

Answer 47

Supravital stain

Question 48

best vital stain

Answer 48

Neutral Red

Question 49

Vital stain for mitochondria

Answer 49

Janus Green

Question 50

most common method for microanatomical studies of tissues

Answer 50

Routine H and E staining

Question 51

Initial Xylene Bath:

Answer 51

for further Decolorization

Question 52

Descending grades of Alcohol

Answer 52

for Hydration

Question 53

Application of Hematoxylin:

Answer 53

Nuclear stain (primary dye)

Question 54

Application of Alcohol:

Answer 54

for Differentiation/Decolorization

Question 55

Application of Ammonia water:

Answer 55

blueing agent to intensify the color of the nucleus

Question 56

Application of Eosin:

Answer 56

Cytoplasmic stain (Counterstain)

Question 57

Ascending Grades of Alcohol:

Answer 57

for Dehydration

Question 58

Last Xylene Bath:

Answer 58

clearing prior to mounting

Question 59

Color results of Nuclei

Answer 59

Blue to Blue black

Question 60

Color results of Karyosome

Answer 60

Dark blue

Question 61

Color results of Cytoplasm

Answer 61

Pale pink

Question 62

Color results of Muscle fibers

Answer 62

Deep pink

Question 63

Color results of Calcium and Decalcified bones

Answer 63

Purplish blue

Question 64

Color results of RBCs, Eosinophilic granules, Keratin:

Answer 64

Bright orange

Question 65

Color results of Decalcified bone matrix, collagen and osteoid:

Answer 65

pink

Question 66

accelerates or hastens the staining process

Answer 66

Accentuator