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Histopath Lec > Staining Part 2 > Flashcards

Staining Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Coloring substances

A

Stains

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2
Q

TWO STAIN CATEGORIES

A

NATURAL DYE
SYNTHETIC (ARTIFACTS) DYES

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3
Q

Stains derived from PLANTS and ANIMALS

A

NATURAL DYES

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4
Q

Examples of NATURAL DYES (5)

A

Hematoxylin
Cochineal dyes
Orcein
Saffron (dried stigmata of Crocus sativus)
Indigo

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5
Q

Obtained from Mexican Tree (Hematoxylin campechianum)

Formed from the oxidation of hematoxylin either by RIPENING or by adding OXIDIZING agents

A

Hematoxylin

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6
Q
  • Expose the substance to air & sunlight
  • slow process, 3-4 months
A

Natural ripening

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7
Q
  • chemical oxidation
A

Artificial ripening

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8
Q

Two kinds of ripening

A

Natural ripening
Artificial ripening

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9
Q

Example of hematoxylin (5)

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Mercuric oxide
Sodium perborate
Potassium permanganate
Sodium iodate

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10
Q
  • Active coloring agent of Hematoxylin
  • used in combination with Alum, Iron Chromium, Copper salts
A

HEMATEIN

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11
Q

Hematein: - Active coloring agent of Hematoxylin
- used in combination with (3)

A

Alum
Iron chromium
Copper salts

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12
Q

uses Potassium Allum as mordant

A

ALUM HEMATOXYLIN

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13
Q

generally used for Photomicrography

A

IRON HEMATOXYLIN

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14
Q

For Muscles & CT fibers

A

WEIGERT’S HEMATOXYLIN

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15
Q

mordant for WEIGERT’S HEMATOXYLIN

A

Ferric Ammonium Chloride

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16
Q

For Nuclei & Cytoplasmic inclusions

A

HEIDENHAIN’S HEMATOXYLIN

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17
Q

mordant for HEIDENHAIN’S HEMATOXYLIN

A

Ferric Ammonium Sulfate

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18
Q

recommended for spermatogenesis study

A

COPPER HEMATOXYLIN

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19
Q

uses 1% phosphotungstic acid as Mordant

A

TUNGSTEN HEMATOXYLIN/PTAH

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20
Q

Extracted from Coccus cacti (female Cochineal Bug) treated with ALUM to produce carmine

A

COCHINEAL DYES

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21
Q
  • contains Picric acid
  • use in Neuropathological stain
A

PICROCARMINE

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22
Q
  • contains aluminum chloride
  • demonstration of glycogen (+) Bright Red
A

BEST CARMINE

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23
Q

Vegetable dyes extracted from lichens
Use for staining elastic fibers

the source of LITMUS PAPER, pH indicator

Colorless, treated with ammonia, exposed to air to produce a blue or violet color

A

ORCEIN

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24
Q

SYNTHETIC DYES A.K.A (2)

A

Coal Tar Dye or Aniline Dye

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25
Q

dye derived from Derived from Hydrocarbon Benzene

A

SYNTHETIC DYES

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26
Q
  • impart color that is permanent
    -composed of chromophore and auxochrome
A

DYES

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27
Q
  • Responsible for the coloring property
    -subs with definite atomic groupings that are capable of producing visible color but not permanent
A

CHROMOPHORE

28
Q

simple benzene compounds that contain chromophores

A

CHROMOGEN

29
Q
  • responsible for dyeing property
    -subs that are added to chromogen to retain color in the tissue
A

AUXOCHROME

30
Q

3 GROUPS OF SYNTHETIC DYES

A

ACID DYES
BASIC DYES
NEUTRAL DYES

31
Q

basic cell structures have an affinity for acid dye ions (acidophilic)
Ex. Eosin, Picric Acid (Cytoplasm- red/pink color)

A

ACID DYES

32
Q

acidic structures have an affinity for basic dyes (Basophilic)
Ex. Methylene Blue (Nucleus- blue color)

A

BASIC DYES

33
Q

formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes
Insoluble to barely soluble in water
Soluble in water
Ex. Romanovsky Dye

A

NEUTRAL DYES

34
Q

Acid dye (most commonly used counterstain)

A

EOSIN: Red

Eosin Y
Bluish
Ethyl Eosin

35
Q

dyes with neutral pH

A

AMPHOTERIC DYES

36
Q

regarded as OIL SOLUBLE DYES

A

LYSOCHROME DYES

37
Q

LYSOCHROME DYES (3)

A

SUDAN BLACK
SUDAN III
SUDAN IV

38
Q

most sensitive, has much greater affinity to phospholipids and neutral fats

A

SUDAN BLACK

39
Q

first sudan dye to be introduced into immunohistochemistry
-Good fats stain for central nervous system tissues

A

SUDAN III

40
Q

recommended for staining triglyceride

A

SUDAN IV

41
Q

intensifies fat and prevents rapid deterioration of the solution

A

Benzoic Acid

42
Q

H&E Staining: Nuclear detail/definition

A

hematoxylin

43
Q

H&E Staining: Contrasting Counterstain

A

eosin

44
Q

Most commonly used for histologic studies
combined with Mordants
Filter the stain prior to use

A

HEMATOXYLIN

45
Q

Routinely used in H and E staining
Mordant used: Alum/Aluminum
Nuclei: Reddish
*Forms Blue Lakes after bluing agent
-reagents: ammonia water, Scott’s Tap water
For Progressive and regressive staining

A

ALUMINUM HEMATOXYLIN

46
Q

Bluing is necessary to convert nuclear coloration from reddish purple to a crisp blue/purple
Bluing agents typically are alkaline with a pH range of _______ optimally

A

7.5-9.0

47
Q

routinely used in nuclear staining
Ripened with Mercuric Oxide
Cytology: Nuclear Stain in PAP’s
Staining of Sex Chromosomes
Addition of glacial acetic acid gives a precise nuclear staining
Staining Method: Regressive

A

HARRIS Hematoxylin

48
Q

-Excellent nuclear stain; stains mucins, recommended for bones and cartilage
Glycerin added to slow oxidation and to prolong shelf life of hematoxylin
Staining Method: Regressive

A

Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin

49
Q

Naturally ripened; similar longevity to Ehrlich’s

A

Delafied’s Hematoxylin

50
Q

-chemically ripened with sodium iodate
- Staining Method: Progressive and Regressive

A

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

51
Q

-artificially ripened with alcoholic iodine

A

Cole’s Hematoxylin

52
Q

Artificially ripened with potassium iodine
For FROZEN SECTIONS

A

Carazzi’s Hematoxylin

53
Q

-uses Iron salts as both a mordant and a ripening/oxidizing agent
Staining Method: Regressive

A

IRON HEMATOXYLIN

54
Q

Examples of IRON HEMATOXYLIN

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin
Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin
Loyez Hematoxylin
Verhoeff Hematoxylin

55
Q

What iron hematoxylin?
Mordant/Oxidizer: Ferric ammonium chloride
Standard iron hematoxylin
Used in demonstrating muscle fibers and CT

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin

56
Q

What iron hematoxylin?
Mordant/Oxidizer: Iron Alum
For nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions; cytological stains
Result: Gray-Black

A

Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin

57
Q

What iron hematoxylin?
for FROZEN SECTIONS

A

Loyez Hematoxylin

58
Q

What iron hematoxylin?
elastic fibers (black)

A

Verhoeff Hematoxylin

59
Q

Mordant: 1% aqueous phosphotungstic acid
Oxidizer: Potassium Permanganate
Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin
-Natural ripening achieved with light and air
For CNS, general tissue
Staining Method: Progressive

A

TUNGSTEN HEMATOXYLIN

60
Q

for demonstration of granules of endocrine cells of alimentary tract

A

LEAD HEMATOXYLIN-

61
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

COPPER HEMATOXYLIN

61
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

COPPER HEMATOXYLIN

62
Q

Red acid (xanthene) dye
Routinely used a counterstain after hematoxylin and before methylene blue
Stains connective tissues and cytoplasm differentially

A

EOSIN (pH 4.6-5)

63
Q

3 forms of eosin:

A

Yellow (EOSIN Y)’
Eosin B, Erythrosin B
Eosin S, Ethyl eosin

64
Q

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
Nuclei-
Erythrocytes-
Cytoplasm-

A

Nuclei- blue
Erythrocytes- bright pink to red
Cytoplasm- Pink

Histopath Lec (4 decks)

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