Stalling and Spinning

Question 1

What are the symptoms of the approaching and full stall at 1g level flight?

Answer 1

Speed Reducing
Attitude Increasing
Alpha Increasing
Gear Position Warning
Buffet - First stick shaker at 15-16 units AoA, then light buffet just before the stall
Instability - Tends to wing and nose drop
Rate of Descent
Stick Fully Aft

Question 2

What checks must be completed prior to stalling?

Answer 2

HASLLG

Question 3

What are the recommended heights above base height to start an academic clean stall and an academic configured stall?

Answer 3

Clean: 1000ft
Configured: 2000ft

Question 4

How far above cloud should you be to conduct academic stalling?

Answer 4

2000ft above the cloud tops, rounded up to the nearest 500ft.

Must have recovered by this height or your base height, whichever is higher.

Question 5

What are the HASLLG checks?

Answer 5

Height
Airframe
Security
Location
Lookout
G-awareness, G-warm up, Inverted Flight Check

Question 6

What is done during the H (height) part of the HASLLG checks?

Answer 6

First, calculate Min Abandonment Height (MAH), which is to be 3000ft AGL (convert to AMSL as RPS will be set)

Nominate a base height above MAH. Min for stalling is 4000ft AGL dual, 5000ft AGL solo.
Consider cloud. Your nominated base height should be at least 2000ft above the cloud tops, allowing you to remain 1000ft vertically clear of cloud throughout.

Work out the height from which to set up the stall (clean recommended 1000ft above BH, configured 2000ft).

Question 7

What is done during the A (airframe) part of the HASLLG checks?

Answer 7

Landing gear, flaps and speedbrake as req., noting g and IAS limits.

Check fuel imbalance < 50lb

Question 8

What is done during the S (security) part of the HASLLG checks?

Answer 8

Harness tight, no loose articles, pockets fastened, map stowage lids locked.

Question 9

What is done during the L (location) part of the HASLLG checks?

Answer 9

Suitable location for exercise, clear of:

Active airfields
Built up areas
Cloud
Controlled airspace

Question 10

What is done during the L (lookout) part of the HASLLG checks?

Answer 10

Focus your lookout as req. for the exercise. Check TCAS.

Question 11

What is done during the G (G-awareness) part of the HASLLG checks?

Answer 11

As req. (not necessary for academic stalling).
G aware confirms kit is working, g warm is to prep for high g

Question 12

Why and how is the G Awareness manoeuvre flown?

Answer 12

Flown to test the anti-g system and individual tolerances.

Set up at 200 KIAS, 8000ft (weather dependent).
Lookout, MAX power, roll and pull to 4g through at least 90 deg.
Roll out, check flight path ahead, dead wing and TCAS in the normal way.

Question 13

When and how is the G Warm Up manoeuvre flown?

Answer 13

On all sorties when there is a likelihood of rapid g onset which exceeds 4g.

Nominal set-up is 220 KIAS, 8000ft (weather dependent).
Lookout, MAX power, roll and pull to 5g through at least 180 deg. (may need to be a descending turn to maintain 5g for full 180 deg.).

Roll out checks in usual manner, then convert excess speed to height (or vice-versa) as req. for the next exercise.

Question 14

How is the Inverted Flight Check flown?

Answer 14

Pitch to about 10 deg. NU
Roll inverted
Once inverted with wings level, push forwards on the control column to maintain - 1g in order to identify any loose articles and confirm you are secure in the seat.

Relax the push force, ensure HUD g reading is between 0 and -0.9g, then roll wings level.
(Limits checked due to rolling g limit of -1g)

Question 15

How clear should you remain of the cloud tops throughout the stalling exercise?

Answer 15

1000ft vertically clear

BH at least 2000ft vertically clear to ensure 1000ft vertical clearance throughout exercise.

Question 16

What is the MAH (Min Abandonment Height) when stalling?

Answer 16

3000ft AGL

(Must convert to AMSL as req. if working on RPS)

Question 17

What is the minimum base height when stalling dual?

Answer 17

4000ft AGL

Question 18

What is the minimum base height when stalling solo?

Answer 18

5000ft AGL

Question 19

What are the two lookout turn options when conducting an academic clean stall?

Answer 19

2 x 90 deg.
1 x 180 deg.

Both flown at 45 deg. AoB

Question 20

How do you set up and fly an academic clean stall?

Answer 20

Complete first part of HASLLG in the climb.

Level off at 140 KIAS, 27-30% TQ.
Lookout turn as final L (no G check requirement).
Roll out, select IDLE, check flight path ahead, down-going wing and TCAS.
Trim level to 100KIAS - Do not trim beyond but adjust the attitude to remain level.

Question 21

Describe the Standard Stall Recovery (SSR)

Answer 21

Control column centrally forward (small movement).

Simultaneously apply MAX power - look ahead as you do so and apply right rudder to keep straight. Also need to counter tendency for nose to rise as full power is applied to prevent the aircraft re-entering a stalled condition.

Once the buffet/stick shaker has ceased, roll wings level.

Ease out of the dive - Fine balance between min height loss and pulling too hard so as to re-stall the aircraft. If stick shaker activates, ease the back pressure.

Select the climbing attitude and trim. Set up next exercise.

Question 22

What must you do if you are in the circuit, at circuit speeds and the stick shaker operates?

Answer 22

SSR

Question 23

Describe how you would set up and fly an academic stall on the simulated final approach.

Answer 23

HASLLG checks

Stabilise at 140KIAS at the start of simulated downwind leg - set hdg bug to assist.

Complete the approach checks and stabilise with 120 KIAS and approx. 35% TQ set.

Lookout in to the turn, check TCAS, tip in to final turn - reduce power by 15% TQ and roll to 30 deg. AoB, allowing the nose to drop to 5 deg. ND FPM in the HUD. Select LAND flap.

Hold 5 deg. ND FPM throughout.

Roll out on simulated extended centreline, set 2 deg. ND. E bar will move below the FPM (in reality, a go-around would now have to be carried out).

Stick shaker will operate at around 15 AoA, approx. 80-84 KIAS in this configuration.
Carry out the SSR.
Establish in the climb and complete the after T/O checks to ensure clean config. and healthy engine.

Question 24

Describe how you would set up and fly an academic stall on the simulated final turn.

Answer 24

Crucial to ensure that the gear and/or flaps extended g limit of +2g is not exceeded.

Initial set-up is the same as for the stall on the final approach.

Set up for the final turn:
Reduce power to 10% TQ, roll to 30 deg. AoB, allow nose to drop to 5 deg. ND FPM, then select LAND flap.

Half way around, simulate being blown through the centreline by increasing the AoB to 45 deg. and apply a squeeze of back pressure to the CC.

Stick shaker will operate - carry out the SSR (mind the +2g limit).

Climb away - AFTER T/O checks, careful of the 150 KIAS limit.

Question 25

Describe how you would set up and fly academic ‘manoeuvre stalls’.

Answer 25

Update the HASLLG checks.

Accelerate to 200 KIAS, simulating a VRIAB.

At the break, select IDLE and 60 deg. AoB to simulate a climbing break.

Below 160 KIAS increase the AoB and back pressure to level off. When the stick shaker operates unload the back pressure, decrease the AoB and apply power as required to enable you to continue the turn free of any stall symptoms.

Question 26

Once you have experienced a full stall, at what point will all clean stall recoveries be made?

Answer 26

At the stick shaker or the light buffet, whichever occurs first.

Will need less forward movement on the CC and will result is less height loss.

Question 27

When practicing the stall in the Final Turn, what parameters must be adhered to in order not to exceed the gear and/or flap extended g limit of +2g?

Answer 27

The following parameters must be adhered to:

Fly at 5 deg. ND with LAND flap selected, do not exceed 7 deg. ND and do not fly the exercise flapless or with T/O flap.

If the above parameters cannot/are not maintained or the aircraft is accelerating through 110 KIAS prior to the stick shaker being felt, carefully recover to S&L flight.

Question 28

What characterises the initial stage in the development of a spin?

Answer 28

Undemanded roll, can be either:

• Rolls without deflection of the ailerons
• Rolls at a rate greater than or less than that demanded
• Fails to respond to any aileron inputs

Question 29

Approximately how many turns does the incipient spin stage last for in the Texan?

Answer 29

2

Question 30

Describe the characteristics of a fully developed (steady state) spin in the Texan

Answer 30

One turn every 2-3 seconds
Alt. loss of approx. 500ft per turn
AoA in excess of 18
Airspeed STABILISED at 120-135 KIAS

Question 31

Whilst it should never be practiced, how can you recover the Texan from an inverted spin?

Answer 31

Throttle to IDLE - stops the spin before anti-spin controls even need to be applied

Question 32

What checks need to be conducted prior to spinning?

Answer 32

HASLLG Plus

Question 33

What needs to be done for the H of the HASLLG Plus checks when spinning?

Answer 33

TCAS - Set below

MAH - 3000ft AGL (convert to AMSL)

MHCR - Spinning below 10,000ft AMSL is prohibited. MHCR is 11,500ft pressure altitude OR 4000ft above the cloud tops, whichever is higher.

MEH - Spins may not be entered above 22,000ft AMSL. Therefore:
MEH = MHCR + 500ft per intended turn, up to a max of 22,000ft AMSL.

Question 34

What are the Plus checks for HASLLG Plus?

Answer 34

Canopy clear of ice or mist
Well defined horizon through 360 deg.
The sea and/or cloud irregularities make yaw and roll apparent (i.e. not above a monochromatic surface).

Question 35

Describe the set up and entry of an academic spin

Answer 35

HASLLG Plus
140 KIAS, lookout turn through minimum of 180 degrees
Roll out with usual checks and set throttle to IDLE
Maintain S&L, don’t trim below 110 KIAS
Full pro-spin controls with both hands on CC at 90 KIAS - hold firmly to maintain spin

Question 36

Below what speed should you not continue to trim when preparing to enter an academic spin?

Answer 36

110 KIAS

Question 37

Describe the incipient spin recovery

Answer 37

Height - Sufficient for recovery
Throttle - IDLE
Controls - Centralise (both hands on CC)
When rotation stops, roll to nearest horizon and recover from the dive (noting that your g tolerance will be lower due to the spin)

Question 38

With how many seconds of centralising the controls for the incipient spin recovery should the aircraft stop rotating, and what are your actions if it does not?

Answer 38

3 seconds

If it continues more than 3 seconds carry out the full spin recovery

Question 39

What are the signs of a fully developed spin?

Answer 39

Stick shaker operating
High AoA (> 18 units)
High rate of turn (one rotation every 2-3 seconds)
Turn indicator fully deflected in to the turn
Nose attitude approx. 60 deg. ND
High rate of descent (approx. 500ft per turn)
Airspeed stable 120-135 KIAS
Oscillations in all 3 axes

Question 40

Describe the full spin recovery

Answer 40

Height - Sufficient for recovery (monitor throughout)
Throttle - IDLE
Turn indicator - Only on PFD, ID spin direction
Full opposite rudder to spin direction
Control column - Move forward, keep ailerons NEUTRAL
When spin stops, centralise controls, then smoothly recover to S&L flight.
Once steady, S&L at safe height, check engine instruments (oil pressure drops during a spin)

Question 41

What is the approx. height loss per turn in a fully developed spin?

Answer 41

500ft per turn (every 2-3 seconds)

Question 42

Where does the speed settle during a fully developed spin?

Answer 42

120-135 KIAS