Stat's

Question 1

Cohort study

Answer 1

Longitudinal study where people followed up at random points and cross sections performed at random points
Individuals share common characteristics

Question 2

Cross sectional study

Answer 2

Collect data from individuals at random point in time- will help estimate incidence at a certain time

Question 3

Case control study

Answer 3

Looks at a cohort retrospectively to see what exposures may have led to a disease
Has control

Question 4

Case series study

Answer 4

Looks back at a group over time with a disease with no control

Question 5

Levels of evidence

Answer 5

1- meta analysis

Question 6

Parametric vs non parametric tests

Answer 6

Parametric= normally distributed

Question 7

Analysing parametric data

Answer 7

Paired vs unpaired t test

Question 8

Analysing non-parametric data

Answer 8

Paired like before and after= wilcoxon signed
Mann- witney u= unpaired data

Question 9

What is chi squared test used for

Answer 9

Categorical data comparisons (proportions/percentages)

Question 10

Phases of clinical trial

Answer 10

Phase 1- a few people given to assess its safety and pharmacokinetics etc
Phase 2- 100 people given to assess therapeutic effectiveness and side effects
Phase 3- large cohort given it and assess difference to current treatment
Phase 4- post license where monitor long term effects

Question 11

What shows publication bias in meta analysis

Answer 11

Funnel plot

Question 12

What is outcome in cohort vs case control study

Answer 12

Cohort- RR
Case control- OR

Question 13

How assess correlation in parametric vs non parametric data

Answer 13

Parametric- pearsons coefficient
Non-parametric- spearmans coefficient

Question 14

Breslow thickness management

Answer 14

Remove and then based off pathology report determine if need further excision
0-1mm= 1cm
1-2mm= 1-2cm
2-4mm= 2-3
>4mm= 3cm

Question 15

What is specificity and what is equation

Answer 15

% of people who test negative for a disease among group of people who do not have the disease

Question 16

What is sensitivity

Answer 16

% of people who test positive for a disease among group of people that do have disease

Question 17

What is positive predictive value

Answer 17

Proportion of patients who test positive that do have disease
True positives/(true positive plus positives)

Question 18

What is negative predictive value

Answer 18

Proportion of people who test negative that do have disease
True negatives/(true negatives plus false negatives)

Question 19

AF stroke prevention

Answer 19

Apxiaban or warfarin

Question 20

Reaction to acetylcysteine infusion

Answer 20

Anaphylactoid

Question 21

What given long term for mechanical valve replacements

Answer 21

Warfarin and aspirin if established CVD

Question 22

What affected in de quervains

Answer 22

Swelling and inflamm of tendon sheath surrounding abductor and extensor tendons thumb

Question 23

De quervains tenosynovitis management

Answer 23

NSAIDS and splint first line
2nd- steroid injection

Question 24

Carpal tunnel management

Answer 24

Mild= splint at night and steroid injection
Severe or refractory= surgery

Question 25

Main reasons for referring for extra screening for breast cancer

Answer 25

First or second relative with breast cancer diagnosed under 40 Male breast cancer Bilateral with 1 under 50 Another with ovarian cancer Jewish

Question 26

Oesophageal cancer patient what do for patient about to undergo palliative chemo and radiation

Answer 26

Stent or gastrostomy depending on if able to eat Also consider that can get ulcers in mouth from radiotherapy which will prevent people from eating

Question 27

Case control vs retrospective cohort study

Answer 27

Case control= people with and without disease Prospective cohort= 1 group of people with the disease, see who was exposed to what

Question 28

Colon cancer management

Answer 28

Stage1-3= resection with adjuvant chemo Stage 4= neoadjuvant chemo followed by resection of cancer and mets

Question 29

Staging of cancer

Answer 29

Stage 1= T1-2 (1= submucosa, 2 muscularis) Stage 2= T3-4 (3= through subserosa, 4= into local organ) Stage 3= LN involvement Stage 4= distant mets

Question 30

Colorectal cancer not appropriate for surgery

Answer 30

Chemo with cetuximab Stenting of obstructing cancers

Question 31

Rectal cancer management

Answer 31

Within 5cm of anal verge= ABE Over 5cm= anterior resection Stage 3= chemo Stage 4= chemoradiation

Question 32

Pancreatic cancer management

Answer 32

Whipples ideally with adjuvant chemo Palliative ERCP with stent

Question 33

Oesophageal cancer management

Answer 33

Oesophagectomy ideally Neoadjuvant chemoradiation or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with nodal involvement

Question 34

Small cell lung cancer

Answer 34

Stage 3= chemo or radiation too if good response to chemo Stage 4= chemo

Question 35

Non small cell cancer management

Answer 35

Stage 1-2= resection with adjuvant chemo Stage 3-4= chemo

Question 36

Take drug and start weeing red

Answer 36

Porphyria

Question 37

Causes of carpal tunnel

Answer 37

Hypothyroidism RA Pregnancy Acromegaly