States of Consciousness

Question 1

dualism

Answer 1

believe humans consist of two materials: thought and matter. Thought gives human free will, and also continues to exist even when we die

Question 2

monism

Answer 2

disagree with dualism and believe that everything is the same substance, even thought and matter. Thought stops existing once we die.

Question 3

priming

Answer 3

participants respond more quickly/accurately to questions they have seen before, even if they do not remember seeing them

Question 4

blind sight

Answer 4

some people who report being blind can nonetheless accurately describe the path of a moving object or accurately grasp objects

Question 5

conscious level

Answer 5

information you and your environment are currently aware of.

Question 6

nonconscious level

Answer 6

body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of

Question 7

preconscious level

Answer 7

information about yourself or environment that you are not currently thinking about but you could be.

Question 8

subconscious level

Answer 8

information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior.

Question 9

unconscious level

Answer 9

some feelings and events are unacceptable to our conscious mind and they are repressed to the unconscious

Question 10

circadian rhythm

Answer 10

in a 24-hour day, our metabolic and thought processes follow a certain pattern

Question 11

sleep onset

Answer 11

period when we are falling asleep

Question 12

What happens in sleep stages 1 and 2?

Answer 12

our brains produce theta waves, which are relatively high-frequency but get progressively slower. We also start to produce sleep spindles, where then we move onto the next stages.

Question 13

sleep spindles

Answer 13

short bursts of rapid brain waves

Question 14

What happens in sleep stages 3 and 4?

Answer 14

also known as delta sleep, this is where deep sleep occurs. If we are awakened from this, we may feel very groggy and disoriented as this is where our bodily processes replenish itself.

Question 15

REM

Answer 15

this is also called paradoxical stage as our brain waves appear as active and intense as they do when we are awake. This is where dreams occur. Interference with this causes memory loss.

Question 16

How long do these cycles take/repeat themselves?

Answer 16

they run approximately 90 minutes each, going about 4-7 times per night

Question 17

insomnia

Answer 17

persistent problems getting to sleep at night

Question 18

narcolepsy

Answer 18

suffer from periods of intense sleepiness and may fall asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times.

Question 19

sleep apnea

Answer 19

causes a person to stop breathing for short periods of time, making us wake up and slightly gasp for air before sleep continues. This robs our deep sleep and interferes with attention and memories.

Question 20

night terrors

Answer 20

usually affect children; where they wake up in the middle of the night and scream but do not remember this episode.

Question 21

somnambulism

Answer 21

sleep walking; usually affect children

Question 22

manifest content

Answer 22

literal content of your dreams

Question 23

latent content

Answer 23

unconscious meaning of manifest content

Question 24

activation-synthesis theory of dreams

Answer 24

looks at dreams as biological phenomena as our brain is very active during REM sleep. It simply proposes that dreams are nothing more than brain’s interpretations of what is happening physiologically.

Question 25

information-processing theory of dreams

Answer 25

points out that stress during the day will increase number and intensity of dreams during night. Dreams relate to daily concerns and processing events into memories

Question 26

posthypnotic amnesia

Answer 26

when people report forgetting events that occurred while being hypnotized

Question 27

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 27

suggestion that a hypnotized person behave in a certain way after brought out of hypnosis

Question 28

role theory of hypnosis

Answer 28

states that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness at all, and enforces hypnotic suggestibility

Question 29

hypnotic suggestibility

Answer 29

some people are more easily hypnotized than others

Question 30

state theory of hypnosis

Answer 30

point out that hypnosis meets some parts of the definition for an altered state of consciousness; and there are many health benefits for hypnosis.

Question 31

dissociation theory of hypnosis

Answer 31

hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily; so that one part of our consciousness responds to hypnotist and the other retains awareness of reality

Question 32

blood-brain barrier

Answer 32

brain is protected from harmful chemicals in the bloodstream; but some molecules can pass through it

Question 33

agonists

Answer 33

drugs that mimic neurotransmitters

Question 34

antagonists

Answer 34

drugs that block neurotransmitters

Question 35

What are stimulants and what are some examples?

Answer 35

speed up body processes, including heart and respiration rate and the sense of euphoria. This includes caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine

Question 36

What are depressants and what are some examples?

Answer 36

slow down body processes. This includes alcohol, barbiturates, and antianxiety drugs (such as Valium)

Question 37

What are hallucinogens and what are some examples?

Answer 37

change perceptions in reality. Includes LSD, mushrooms, marijuana.

Question 38

reverse tolerance

Answer 38

second dose may be less than the first but cause greater effects

Question 39

opiates

Answer 39

powerful painkillers and mood elevators. Include morphine, heroin, methadone, and codeine.