states of matter

Question 1

what holds molecules rigidly in place in solids

Answer 1

intermolecular forces

Question 2

liquids volume and shape

Answer 2

definite volume, no definite shape

Question 3

molecules in liquids

Answer 3

very close together, but can flow past each other

Question 4

intermolecular forces on liquids

Answer 4

strong enough to hold molecules in a condensed phase. not strong enough to prevent molecules from sliding past each other

Question 5

gases shape/volume

Answer 5

no definite shape/volume

Question 6

intermolecular forces in gases

Answer 6

essentially zero between gases and molecules

Question 7

ionic bonds

Answer 7

results from coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions

(metal + non-metal)
(cation + anion)

Question 8

ionic compounds are almost always ___ (which state of matter?)

Answer 8

solids

Question 9

covalent bonds result from

Answer 9

sharing one or more pairs of electrons

Question 10

octet rule

Answer 10

states that atoms want 8 electrons in valence (outer/highest energy) shell.

8 complete electrons= isoelectric to noble gases’ configuration

Question 11

species with the same electron configurations are termed

Answer 11

isoelectric

Question 12

kinetic molecular theory of matter

Answer 12

attempts to describe all the states of matter and the conversion between them

Question 13

valence bond theory

Answer 13

a covalent bond results from the overlap of two electron clouds. this allows the electron on 1 atom to spend time around atom 2’s nucleus and vice versa

Question 14

VSEPR theory

Answer 14

valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. atoms are bound into molecules by electrons. electrons repel each other. therefore the groups bonded to a central atom try to get as far apart from each other as possible. the goal is to minimize electron pair repulsion around a given central atom

Question 15

electronegativity

Answer 15

the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.

Question 16

what is most electronegative element

Answer 16

fluorine - the closer an atom is to fluorine, the more electronegative it is

Question 17

intermolecular forces

Answer 17

attractive forces between molecules or atoms or ions

Question 18

London forces are created by

Answer 18

instantaneous dipoles

Question 19

london forces get stronger with

Answer 19

larger atoms/ molecules

Question 20

london forces are much weaker than

Answer 20

dipole-dipole or H-bonding

Question 21

hydrogen bonding strength

Answer 21

generally stronger than dipolar attractions

Question 22

hydrogen bonding is

Answer 22

the attraction between a hydrogen bonded directly to an O, N, or F and another electronegative atom

Question 23

ion dipole attraction

Answer 23

the attraction between an ionic charge and a polar molecule

Question 24

ion dipole attraction allows

Answer 24

ionic solids to dissolve in water

Question 25

hydrogen bodies in a negative way cause

Answer 25

atelectasis

Question 26

like desolves

Answer 26

like

Question 27

more intermolecular forces does what to boiling and melting points

Answer 27

higher

Question 28

substances with greater intermolecular attraction have greater

Answer 28

surface tensions

Question 29

a molecule near the surface of a droplet will experience

Answer 29

net inward force

Question 30

surface tension will allow an object having a greater density than a liquid to

Answer 30

float in the liquid

Question 31

LaPlace's law

Answer 31

when the liquid is in contact with another surface, this curling creates a pressure difference which is described by La Place's law.

Question 32

LaPlace's law can be used to explain

Answer 32

why the surface tension on a blood vessel wall will depend on the radius of the vessel.

Question 33

the tension on the surface of the blood vessel is ____ proportional to the radius of the vessel

Answer 33

directly

Question 34

wall tension is proportionate to

Answer 34

radius (laPlace's law)

Question 35

as the radius increases, wall tension

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

soap makeup

Answer 36

polar (hydrophilic) head and non-polar (hydrophobic, greasy) tail

Question 37

monolayers

Answer 37

the greasy tails stick out of the surface of water, which breaks down the surface tension of water

Question 38

micelles

Answer 38

tails can dissolve in each other forming a sphere. this creates a non-polar microenvironment in the water

Question 39

vapor pressures

Answer 39

the most energetic molecules in a liquid have sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the surface of a liquid into the gas phase, and once the molecules are free as gases, they exert a pressure.

Question 40

as temp increases, vapor pressures

Answer 40

increase. calusius-clapeyron equation

Question 41

the process of evaportion in a closed container will proceed until

Answer 41

there are as many molecules returning to the liquid as there are escaping. (saturated vapor pressure)

Question 42

the temp at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure is

Answer 42

boiling point

Question 43

dynamic equilibrium

Answer 43

when there is a balance between vaporization and condensation

Question 44

aneurysm application to laplace?

Answer 44

they are approximately spherical, so the tension on the wall of the aneurysm rises as the radius is divided by two. so, while not a good diagnosis, they represent a physical means for lowering the tension on a blood vessel

Question 45

capillary being smaller will withstand pressure better than

Answer 45

larger artery or vein

Question 46

volatility

Answer 46

the tendency of liquid to evaporate

Question 47

solid to liquid

Answer 47

melting

Question 48

liquid to solid

Answer 48

freezing

Question 49

liquid to gas

Answer 49

vaporization

Question 50

gas to liquid

Answer 50

condensation

Question 51

solid to gas

Answer 51

sublimation

Question 52

gas to solid

Answer 52

deposition

Question 53

How is temp related to vapor pressure and volatility? | directly/inversely proportional

Answer 53

directly proportional to both

Question 54

vaporization is an _____ process

Answer 54

endothermic

Question 55

the unit of energy for vaporization (Hvap) represents

Answer 55

the energy needed to break intermolecular forces and allow molecules to escape into the gas phase

Question 56

fusion

Answer 56

endothermic - solid to liquid

Question 57

760 mmHg

Answer 57

atmospheric pressure

Question 58

phase diagrams show

Answer 58

combined effects of temp and pressure on the state of matter

Question 59

which gas has the highest vapor pressure

Answer 59

desflurane 669

Question 60

vapor pressure of isoflurane

Answer 60

239

Question 61

vapor pressure of sevoflurane

Answer 61

157

Question 62

triple point of phase diagram of water

Answer 62

the single temp and pressure combination where all three phases an exist in equilibrium with each other

Question 63

critical point

Answer 63

when temp and pressure exceed critical point, system becomes a supercritical fluid... have the flow properties of gases but densities similar to liquids and no surface tension

Question 64

as diameter of a tube decreases, speed

Answer 64

increases

Question 65

if an object sinks, boyount force is

Answer 65

smaller

Question 66

if an object floats, boyount force is

Answer 66

larger

Question 67

as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid

Answer 67

decreases (bernoulli effect)

Question 68

bernoulli effect

Answer 68

as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

Question 69

venturi flowmeter is explained by

Answer 69

bernoulli effect

Question 70

A more volatile liquid has a ____ vapor pressure? | higher or lower

Answer 70

higher

Question 71

A more volatile liquid has a ____ boiling point? | higher or lower

Answer 71

lower