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Week 1 & 2 Basics of Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

An object at rest remains at rest until a force acts upon it.

Aka: law of inertia

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2
Q

What is Velocity?

Is it a vector?

A
  • describes how the position of an object changes with time
  • its a vector (because it has a direction)
  • also has to do with position of origin. If end point same as starting point, velocity is zero

-generally m/s

velocity= displacement/time

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3
Q

What are Vectors?

A
  • have both magnitude and direction
  • vectors can be added to give the resultant vector.
  • mass is not a vector
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4
Q

What is Acceleration?
Is it a vector?

What happens with Gravity?

A

-describes how velocity changes with time

acceleration= velocity/time

  • a vector quantity
  • generally m/s2
  • gravity eventually causes object to slow down
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5
Q

What is force?

A
  • a push or pull
  • related to Newton’s second law: F=ma

2nd Law= Force and acceleration of an object will be in the same direction

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6
Q

What is gravity?
Law?
What is the measurement of gravity on earth?**

A
  • it is the universal attraction between all objects.
  • Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • gEarth= 9.8m/s2***
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7
Q

What is weight?

A

-Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by another larger object such as the earth
- W=mg (equivalent to F=ma)
(g= acceleration d/t gravity- 9.8m/s2(squared))

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8
Q

What is pressure?
Unit?
How is it increased/decreased?

A

-pressure is force per unit area.

Pressure = force/area

  • unit is pounds per square inch (psi)
  • pressure increases by either increasing the applied force, or decreasing the area the force is applied
  • pressure decreases by either decreasing the applied force, or increasing the area the force is applied
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9
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?**
1 atm= ___mmHg*
1 atm= ___Torr*
1 atm= ___ PSI

A

Air pressure results from gravity pulling on the atmospheric, and the resulting force is spread over the earth’s surface

  • the weight of the air above us
  • 1 atmosphere = 760mmHg= 760 Torr= roughly 14 PSI
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10
Q

What is a barometer?

A

Measures absolute pressure or atmospheric pressure.

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11
Q

What is a Bourdon gauge?

If the tank reads 0, is the tank empty?*

A
  • measure gauge pressure, but is affected by changes in atmospheric pressure.
  • use on gas cylinders
  • measures the differences between the pressure in the tank an atmospheric pressure.
  • Ptotal = Pgauge + Patmosphere

-NO! Even if gauge reads zero, still 14 PSI (1 atmospheric pressure) in the tank

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12
Q

What are scalar quantities?*

How is it different from a vector quantity?

A
  • they have magnitude only, NO direction (unlike vector).
  • They can be additive

Distance, height, weight, speed, mass

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13
Q

What is an aneroid bellow?

A
  • doesn’t need liquid.

- relies on expansion and contraction of a bellow as pressure changes

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14
Q

What is work?*
Unit of measurement?
Formula?

A

The expenditure of energy

Measured in joules

W = F x d*

F: magnitude of force
d: magnitude of displacement (distance)

Can also be W = P x change of volume
P: pressure

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15
Q

What is power?*

Measured in?

A
  • the rate of doing work, or the rate of expending energy
  • measured in Watts (=joules/second)

O2 cylinder rupture example

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16
Q

?What is a machine?

A
  • device for multiplying force
  • does not supply energy, but provides an advantage
    • mechanical advantage = force output/force input
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17
Q

What is energy?

Can it be lost?

A

Capacity for doing work

Cannot be lost, but converted

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18
Q

What are 2 types of engery?

A

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

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19
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of Motion
Energy that a mass has by virtue of being in motion

(joules)

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20
Q

What is potential energy?*

A

Stored Energy
Energy that is stored by an object by virtue of its position

(joules)

21
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?*

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed*

-it can be changed from one form to another

22
Q

What is the SI standard unit of energy?

A

Joules (same as work)

(also= calories)*

23
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The sum of kinetic and potential energies of a system

24
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their reaction to energy

25
What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?**
- 2 objects A/B are same temperature. B/C are same temperature. Therefore A/C are equal temperature (thermal equilibrium) and no heat will flow between A/C - keeping patients war
26
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
- heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy. Therefore, thermodynamic processes are subject to the principle of conservation of energy. * Heat can not be created or destroyed - from slide: a change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat flow of a system and the work done by/on the system
27
What does exothermic mean?
Gives off heat/ | Energy flows out of the system
28
What does endothermic mean?
Absorption of heat/ | Energy flows into the system
29
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Heat spontaneously flows from a hot* body to a cold body when 2 bodies are brought into thermal contact -AKA: entropy law *important for keeping pt warm in OR*
30
What does entropy mean?
A measure of randomness or disorder in a system. Systems can be randomized, chaotic, or evenly mixed. A system will never become more organized spontaneously
31
What is Third Law of Thermodynamics?
It is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero*
32
What is the difference between heat vs. temperature?
- Heat is a process, not a product - heat is energy which can be transferred - temperature is a numerical ranking of “hot” or “cold” - temperature is an arbitrary number - temperature is a measurement of the tendency to gain or loose heat
33
What is thermal expansion? What does adding heat to cylinders do?
-the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. - an increase in heat will cause an object to expand - expansion is constant for a given material - expansion is constant in all directions Q2: Increases the Potential Energy
34
What is the unit of measurement for heat? | And what is it?
Calorie Calorie is the heat required to raise 1g of water 1 degree C
35
What is specific heat? | Low vs high specific heat as thermoconductors?
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of material by 1 degree C - materials with a high specific heat make good insulators (water) - materials with a low specific heat make good thermoconductors (pots)
36
What is heat capacity?
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given material Heat capacity = mass x specific heat
37
What factors affect the rate of change of heat of an object?
- heat capacity (inv proportional) - temperature gradient (dir proportional) - surface area (dir proportional) - forced convection (dir proportional)
38
What are the different types of heat transfer?*** | Percentages:
*how heat is lost* - radiation: 40% - convection: 30% - conduction: 20% - evaporation: 10%
39
What is convection? | OR Example?
Heat transfer caused by a liquid or gas Example: Cold air blowing over a pt in the OR
40
What is conduction? | OR Example?
Transfer of heat by the direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area Example: Moving a patient onto a cold table= Cools patient Covering pt with warm blankets= Warms patient
41
What is radiation?
Energy emitted from an object Requires no physical medium or physical contact between the objects
42
What is evaporation? | OR examples?
Heat loss primarily through respiration | also surgical prep left on skin to dry- vaporizes
43
What are the 4 fundamental forces?
- Strong nuclear force - Electromagnetic force - Weak nuclear force - Gravitational force
44
What are the differences between mass and weight?
2 separate concepts: Mass= amount of matter in an object Weight= gravitational force* exerted on an object by a larger object (W=mg) SI unit of mass= kg SI unit of force= newton (N)
45
Doubling the diameter of a syringe will ______ the pressure by a factor of __
decrease/ 4
46
If there is no _____, no work is done. Likewise, if the ___________ is zero, no work is done. Stretcher example?
force/ magnitude of displacement You can push will all your effort, but if the stretcher doesn't move, you haven't done any work.
47
Can gasses do work?
Yes! Gasses that move also do work and breathing is moving gasses. Therefore breathing accomplishes work!
48
What are state functions?
- mathematical functions that describe the "state of a system" - measurement of matter while it 'just sits there' - mass, volume, pressure, temperature, weight, length

Chem & Physics (9 decks)

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