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Functional Anatomy Final > Station 8: The Spine and Nerves > Flashcards

Station 8: The Spine and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ligaments of the spine?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (anterior portion of spine)
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (anterior portion of spine)
Ligamentum flavum (posterior)
Interspinous ligament (posterior
Supraspinous ligament (posterior)
Intertransverse ligament (posterior)

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2
Q

Which ligament bears the greatest strain in hyperextension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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3
Q

Which ligament bears the greatest strain in flexion?

A

Interspinous ligament (more fibres in more directions)

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4
Q

Which ligament bears the greatest strain in lateral flexion?

A

Contralateral intertransverse ligament

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5
Q

Which ligament bears the greatest strain in rotation?

A

Capsular ligaments of zygapophyseal joint

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6
Q

What colour is ligamentum flavum and why?

A

Yellow due to elastin (2:1 ratio of elastin to collagen)

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7
Q

What section of the vertebrae has the most flexion/extension?

A

L5-S1

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8
Q

What section of the vertebrae has the most lateral flexion?

A

C3-C5

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9
Q

What section of the vertebrae has the most rotation?

A

C1-C2

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10
Q

What do characteristics do these points of the vertebrae have?
OC-C1
C1-C2
C2-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5

A

OC-C1: no rotation (atlanto-occipital)
C1-C2: lots of rotation from the dens. No lateral flexion
C2-C7: Flexion/extension higher from C5 onwards
T1-T12: Frontal facing facets, little flex/ext, good lateral flexion and rotation
L1-L5: great flex/ext up to 20 degrees, minimal rotation

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11
Q

What is the dynamic between erector spinae and Line of Gravity?

A

LOG pushes us forward, ES counteracts this

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12
Q

What is the ROM for neutral thoracic kyphosis?

A

20-45 degrees

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13
Q

What is the ROM for thoracic hypokyphosis?

A

<20 degrees

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14
Q

What is the ROM for thoracic hyperkyphosis?

A

> 45 degrees

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15
Q

What is the ROM for neutral lumbar lordosis?

A

20-40 degrees

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16
Q

What is the ROM for lumbar hypolordosis?

A

<20 degrees

17
Q

What is the ROM for lumbar hyperlordosis?

A

> 40 degrees

18
Q

What does thoracic kyphosis do to the LOG?

A

Pushes it more forward, and thus ES must work hard to balance the weight which is set forward

19
Q

What is the ROM for neutral pelvic tilt?

A

30 degrees

20
Q

What is the ROM for anterior pelvic tilt? and what is this?

A

> 30 degrees. Lordosis

21
Q

What is the ROM for posterior pelvic tilt?

A

<30 degrees

22
Q

How you can you position yourself to reduce the load on the lumbar spine?

A

lie down on back
No gravity

23
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

24
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

25
Q

How many cervical nerves are there and why?

A

8 cervical nerves because they come out on top of the corresponding bone

26
Q

From thoracic onwards, where do nerves come out from?

A

Below the corresponding bone

27
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Network or bundle of spinal nerves after they come out of the spinal cord and run into nerves

28
Q

What is the dorsal nerve root?

A

Afferent, sensory. So receives the input. On posterior side

29
Q

What is the ventral nerve root?

A

Efferent, motor. Sends input to effector. On anterior side

30
Q

What are the components of a reflex arc?

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Integration centre
  • Motor neuron
  • Effector
31
Q

Describe the brachial plexus

A

Serves the arm
Origin: C5-T1
5 nerves
- Axillary (shoulder)
- Musculocutaneous (bicep area)
- Radial (tricep and forearm)
- Ulnar
- Median (forearm)

32
Q

Which nerve from the brachial plexus is affected by Saturday night paralysis?

A

Radial nerve - when arm left in awkward position this nerve gets compressed

33
Q

Which nerve is the funny bone?

A

Ulnar - medial epicondyle of humerus. Bone and nerve are exposed

34
Q

What are some common symptoms of brachial plexus damage?

A

Arm: adducted, internally rotated
Hand: flexed
Elbow: extended, pronated

35
Q

Describe the Lumbar Plexus?

A

Serves lower body
Arises from L2-L4
Lies with iliopsoas (psoas portion)
2 nerves
- Femoral: front upper leg (iliopsoas and quad muscles)
- Obturator: inside of leg (adductors)

36
Q

If you had pain in the medial thigh, which nerve would be damaged?

A

Obturator nerve from Lumbar Plexus

37
Q

Describe the Sacral Plexus

A

Supplies posterior leg
Arises from L4-S4
2 Nerves
- Sciatic
- Tibial: back of leg
- Common fibular: front of lower leg

  • Superior and inferior gluteal (glutes)
38
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

39
Q
A

Functional Anatomy Final (9 decks)

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