Statistics Flashcards
what type of research represents the highest grade of evidence for interpreting clinical trials in the literature
a large, multi-center randomized control trial
Clinical guidelines issued by a scientific or medical society should be used for what purpose
to make clinical recommendations to guide clinicians
In forest plots, relative risk tends to _____ the treatment effect
overestimate
What type of research represents the lowest grade of evidence for interpreting clinical trials in the literature
editorials (considered expert opionion)
what types of research have low level of evidence
nonrandomized cohorts, editorials, observational studies
_______ represent a set of recommendations for practicing clinicians that are derived from a vigorous review of the literature
Clinical Guidelines
Guidelines are rules/laws that distinguish whether someone’s clinical practice is legal or illegal. True or False
False
what are the purpose of clinical guidelines
to organize literature into different topics & further direct more studies
Are clinical guidelines designed to be a rigorous guide for future research
no
____ is calculated in the meta analysis & tends to overestimate the treatment effect
relative risk
the process by which to improve patient outcomes by providing clinicians with the highest grade of evidence to help make informed decisions is called
evidence based medicine
Clinical guidelines should never be a substitute for clinical judgement, true or false
true
in the GRADE system of research articles, what type of study has the lowest level
observational studies
failure to blind the process or failure to analyze results on intent to treat basis is called
bias
in the GRADE system of literature, if the group of experts have strong support from the literature the recommendations lead with the phrase
we recommend
in the GRADE system of literature, if the group of experts have weak support from the literature, the recommendations lead with the phrase
we suggest
in the GRADE system of literature, if the group of experts have insufficient number of trials and results are contradictory the recommendations lead with the phrase
no recommendation at this time
what is a valuable tool that gives the clinician a quick sense of the strength & consistency of the message from the literature
Forest Plot
Horizontal lines on the forest plot represent
confidence interval
if the confidence interval lines on the forest plot don’t touch or pass the_________ than the outcomes between the study & control groups have statistical significance with a p value is <0.5
vertical line of unity (null hypothesis)
____ measures consistently from one study to the next regarding the patient population & therapy applied
heterogeneity (I2)
______ shows the likelihood of the outcome effect (example infection) in the study group compared to the control group
relative risk ratio
If studying the risk of infection in an EN group vs a PN group where the outcome (infection) was the same, the relative risk ratio would be
1 (the patients in the EN group are 100% as likely to get an infection as the PN group)
if studying the risk of infection in an EN group vs a PN group where the outcome (infection) had a relative risk ratio of 0.74, this indicates a ______ reduction in the infection compared with the control group (PN)
26%
100-74 = 26
