Statistics Flashcards
1
Q
Descriptive Statistics
A
Used to describe and summarize data.
2
Q
Inferential Statistics
A
Techniques for making inferences about unknowns.
3
Q
Range
A
Difference between largest and smallest values.
4
Q
Standard Deviation
A
Measures spread of data around the mean.
5
Q
±2 Standard Deviations
A
Covers approximately 95% of data in normal distribution.
6
Q
±1.96 Standard Errors
A
Used for calculating 95% confidence intervals.
7
Q
Chi-squared Test
A
Statistical test for categorical data analysis.
8
Q
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
A
Measures strength and direction of association.
9
Q
Student’s t-test
A
Compares means between two groups.
10
Q
Mean
A
Average value of a data set.
11
Q
Mode
A
Most frequently occurring value in data.
12
Q
Median
A
Middle value when data is ordered.
13
Q
Outliers
A
Data points significantly different from others.
14
Q
Distribution
A
Shape of data representation on a graph.
15
Q
Thin Curve
A
Indicates values are close to the average.
16
Q
Fat Curve
A
Indicates wider spread of values around mean.
17
Q
Statistical Test Selection
A
Choosing appropriate test based on data type.
18
Q
Electronic Calculators
A
Tools for calculating statistical test results.
19
Q
Worked Examples
A
Illustrations of statistical concepts in practice.
20
Q
Confidence Interval
A
Range of values likely to contain population parameter.
21
Q
Statistical Significance
A
Indicates likelihood results are not due to chance.
22
Q
Data Variability
A
Extent to which data points differ from each other.
23
Q
Judgements in Statistics
A
Making conclusions based on statistical analysis.
24
Q
Graphical Representation
A
Visual display of data trends and patterns.
25
Classwork Expectations
Understanding and applying statistical concepts in practice.
26
Written Examinations
Assess understanding without performing calculations.
27
Statistical Interpretation
Explaining results of statistical tests.
28
Mixed Questions
Final assessments covering various statistical topics.
29
Standard Deviation
Measure of data dispersion from the mean.
30
Formula for SD
SD = √Σ(x - x̄)² / (n - 1)
31
X
Individual data value in the dataset.
32
x̄ (mean)
Average of all data values.
33
n
Total number of data values.
34
Normal Distribution
Data follows a bell-shaped curve.
35
± 2 Standard Deviations
Covers 95% of data in normal distribution.
36
Bristol Zoo Mean Age
Mean age of lions is 32.3 months.
37
London Zoo Mean Age
Mean age of lions is 48.8 months.
38
Bristol Zoo SD
Standard deviation of lions is 9.3 months.
39
London Zoo SD
Standard deviation of lions is 1.7 months.
40
2 x SD (Bristol)
18.6 months; range from mean.
41
2 x SD (London)
2.4 months; range from mean.
42
Mean + (2 x SD) Bristol
50.9 months; upper limit for comparison.
43
Mean - (2 x SD) Bristol
13.7 months; lower limit for comparison.
44
Mean + (2 x SD) London
51.2 months; upper limit for comparison.
45
Mean - (2 x SD) London
46.4 months; lower limit for comparison.
46
Overlap of SD Bars
Indicates chance differences in means.
47
Fish Length Female Mean
Mean length is 21 cm.
48
Fish Length Male Mean
Mean length is 10 cm.
49
Fish Female SD
Standard deviation is 3 cm.
50
Fish Male SD
Standard deviation is 1.6 cm.
51
Mean + (2 x SD) Fish Female
27 cm; upper limit for comparison.
52
Mean - (2 x SD) Fish Female
15 cm; lower limit for comparison.
53
Mean + (2 x SD) Fish Male
13 cm; upper limit for comparison.
54
Mean - (2 x SD) Fish Male
7 cm; lower limit for comparison.
55
Heart Rate Data
Comparison of heart rates during TV shows.
56
Standard Error of the Mean
Estimates the accuracy of sample mean.
57
95% Confidence Interval
Range where true population mean likely lies.
58
Mean
Average value of a sample data set.
59
Standard Error (SE)
Estimate of the variability of sample means.
60
Standard Deviation (SD)
Measure of data dispersion in a sample.
61
95% Confidence Interval (CI)
Range where true mean likely falls, 95% certainty.
62
Upper Confidence Limit
Maximum value in the confidence interval.
63
Lower Confidence Limit
Minimum value in the confidence interval.
64
Sample Size (n)
Number of observations in a sample.
65
1.96
Z-score for 95% confidence level.
66
Confidence Level
Probability that the CI contains the true mean.
67
Overlap of Intervals
Indicates similarity between two sample means.
68
Graphical Representation
Visual display of confidence intervals.
69
Estimate of the Mean
Sample mean used to infer population mean.
70
Random Sampling
Selecting samples randomly from a population.
71
Worked Example
Illustrative calculation using sample data.
72
Guinea Pig Mass
Sample data used for mean calculation.
73
Limpet Size Comparison
Study comparing sizes between two ledges.
74
Data Collection
Process of gathering information for analysis.
75
Statistical Significance
Likelihood that a result is not due to chance.
76
Population Mean
Average value of a complete population.
77
Calculation of CI
Using mean and SE to find confidence limits.
78
Non-overlapping Intervals
Indicates significant difference between two means.
79
Mean + 1.96 x SE
Upper limit calculation for confidence interval.
80
Mean - 1.96 x SE
Lower limit calculation for confidence interval.
81
Sample Data
Subset of population used for statistical analysis.
82
Estimation
Approximation of a population parameter based on sample.
83
Statistical Analysis
Method of interpreting data to draw conclusions.
84
Callipers Measurement
Tool used for measuring sizes in the example.
85
Data Presentation
Organizing data for clear interpretation.
86
Standard Error (SE)
Measure of variability of sample mean estimates.
87
Confidence Interval (CI)
Range estimating population parameter with specified confidence.
88
Standard Deviation (SD)
Measure of data dispersion around the mean.
89
95% Confidence Interval
Range where true mean lies with 95% certainty.
90
Overlap in CI
Indicates potential similarity between two means.
91
BMI (Body Mass Index)
Measure of body fat based on height and weight.
92
South Beach Diet
Diet focused on reducing carbohydrate intake.
93
Low Calorie Diet
Diet aimed at reducing overall calorie consumption.
94
Reduction in BMI
Decrease in body mass index percentage.
95
Quadrat Sampling
Method for estimating population density in ecology.
96
Runner Bean
Type of climbing plant grown for its edible pods.
97
Height Measurement
Assessment of plant growth in centimeters.
98
Random Sampling
Selection method ensuring each member has equal chance.
99
Null Hypothesis
Assumption that there is no effect or difference.
100
Alternative Hypothesis
Assumption that there is an effect or difference.
101
Fertilizer Types
Different substances used to enhance plant growth.
102
Data Interpretation
Analyzing results to draw conclusions from data.
103
Percent Reduction
Percentage decrease from an initial value.
104
Mean Height
Average height of plants in a sample.
105
Sample Mean Calculation
Sum of values divided by number of observations.
106
Statistical Analysis
Process of collecting and interpreting data.
107
Ecological Study
Research focused on interactions within ecosystems.
108
Experimental Design
Plan for conducting an experiment to test hypotheses.
109
Plant Growth Factors
Variables influencing the development of plants.
110
Comparative Analysis
Evaluating differences between two or more groups.
111
Chemical control
Method using chemicals to reduce pest populations.
112
Biological control
Using natural predators to manage pest species.
113
Standard error
Estimation of the variability of sample means.
114
95% confidence interval
Range where the true population parameter lies.
115
Mean number of plants
Average count of plants per square meter.
116
Field A
Field previously used for grazing cattle.
117
Field B
Field used for the same crop previously.
118
Mass of crop
Weight of crop measured in kg per m².
119
Mayfly nymphs
Aquatic larvae of mayflies found in streams.
120
Shallow water
Water with less depth, typically faster flow.
121
Deep water
Water with greater depth, typically slower flow.
122
Aorta thickness
Measurement of arterial wall thickness in micrometers.
123
Vena cava thickness
Measurement of venous wall thickness in micrometers.
124
Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure in arteries during heart relaxation.
125
Farm workers
Individuals working in agricultural settings.
126
Firemen
Individuals trained to combat fires.
127
Null hypothesis
Statement asserting no effect or difference exists.
128
Inferential statistics
Methods to draw conclusions from sample data.
129
Chickens hypothesis
Statement about male offspring production in chickens.
130
Slug population hypothesis
Statement regarding slug counts in different areas.
131
Tobacco growth hypothesis
Statement about growth rates in different soils.
132
Chi-squared test
Statistical test for categorical frequency comparison.
133
Frequencies
Counts of occurrences in different categories.
134
Significant difference
Statistical term indicating a meaningful variation.
135
Worked Example 1
Example illustrating chi-squared test application.
136
Periwinkle blush
Humorous reference to snails and seaweed.
137
Sample collection
Process of gathering data from selected subjects.
138
Statistical test
Procedure to evaluate hypotheses using data.
139
Crop mass comparison
Analysis of crop weight differences between fields.
140
Flat Periwinkle
A small snail living on seaweed.
141
Observed Frequency
Actual count of periwinkle on seaweed.
142
Serrated Wrack
Type of seaweed with 45 observed periwinkles.
143
Bladder Wrack
Type of seaweed with 38 observed periwinkles.
144
Egg Wrack
Type of seaweed with 10 observed periwinkles.
145
Spiral Wrack
Type of seaweed with 5 observed periwinkles.
146
Other Seaweed
Type of seaweed with 2 observed periwinkles.
147
Total Observed
Sum of all observed frequencies, 100.
148
Null Hypothesis
No significant difference in observed frequencies.
149
Expected Frequency
Average expected count per seaweed type.
150
Calculation of Expected Frequency
Total observed divided by number of categories.
151
Degrees of Freedom
Number of categories minus one.
152
Critical Value
Threshold for accepting or rejecting null hypothesis.
153
Chi-Squared Value
Indicates difference between observed and expected data.
154
Significance Level
Probability threshold for hypothesis testing.
155
p=0.05
Common significance level used in tests.
156
Chi-Squared Formula
Sum of (O-E)²/E for each category.
157
Calculated Chi-Squared
Total of Chi-squared calculations, 79.
158
Critical Value at p=0.05
9.49 for 4 degrees of freedom.
159
Rejecting Null Hypothesis
Indicates preference for certain seaweed.
160
Accepting Null Hypothesis
Indicates no preference for seaweed.
161
Observed vs Expected
Comparison of actual counts to predicted counts.
162
Chi-Squared Test
Statistical method for categorical data analysis.
163
Statistical Significance
Likelihood that results are not due to chance.
164
Hypothesis Testing
Method for making inferences about populations.
165
Data Sheet
Reference for critical values in tests.
166
Animal Preference
Tendency of periwinkles towards specific seaweed.
167
Statistical Analysis
Process of interpreting data using statistical methods.
168
Biological Study
Research focused on living organisms and their interactions.
169
Chi-squared
Statistical test for observed vs expected frequencies.
170
Null Hypothesis
Assumes no significant difference exists in data.
171
Observed Frequency
Actual count of occurrences in an experiment.
172
Expected Frequency
Theoretical count based on the null hypothesis.
173
Degrees of Freedom
Number of categories minus one in analysis.
174
Critical Value
Threshold for determining statistical significance.
175
Significance Level
Probability threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis.
176
P-value
Probability of observing data if null hypothesis is true.
177
Chi-squared Value
Calculated statistic comparing observed and expected frequencies.
178
Accept Null Hypothesis
Conclude no significant difference exists in data.
179
Reject Null Hypothesis
Conclude significant difference exists in data.
180
Biological Interpretation
Understanding biological implications of statistical results.
181
Chi-squared Test
Method to assess goodness of fit for categorical data.
182
Observed vs Expected
Comparison of actual data to theoretical predictions.
183
Mendel's Peas
Study of inheritance patterns in pea plants.
184
Heterozygous Plants
Plants with two different alleles for a trait.
185
3:1 Ratio
Expected ratio of dominant to recessive traits.
186
Bird-Table Experiment
Study of bird visitation across different gardens.
187
Garden Observations
Counts of birds visiting three different gardens.
188
Chi-squared Calculation
Formula: Σ((O-E)²/E) for data analysis.
189
Biologist's Inference
Conclusion drawn from statistical analysis of species.
190
Statistical Critique
Evaluation of methodology and assumptions in analysis.
191
Probability Threshold
Cutoff for determining significance, often 5%.
192
Random Distribution
Even spread of occurrences without bias.
193
Bird Visitation Hypothesis
Assumption about bird preferences for garden locations.
194
Aggression in Primates
Behavioral study related to environmental conditions.
195
Light Intensity Impact
Effect of lighting on animal behavior.
196
Chi-squared Worked Example
Illustrative case demonstrating chi-squared application.
197
Incidences of Aggression
Count of aggressive behaviors observed in a study.
198
Null Hypothesis
Assumes no effect or difference exists in data.
199
Chi-squared Value
Statistical measure to compare observed vs expected frequencies.
200
Degrees of Freedom
Number of independent values in a statistical calculation.
201
Critical Value
Threshold for determining statistical significance in tests.
202
Observed Frequencies
Actual counts recorded in an experiment or study.
203
Expected Frequencies
Predicted counts based on the null hypothesis.
204
Bee-eaters
Birds that primarily feed on bees and wasps.
205
Forest Floor
Ground layer of a forest ecosystem.
206
Understory Layer
Layer beneath the forest canopy, rich in vegetation.
207
Canopy Layer
Upper layer of a forest formed by tree crowns.
208
Emergent Layer
Top layer of a forest where tallest trees grow.
209
Grassland Field
Open area dominated by grasses and few trees.
210
River-bank
Land alongside a river, often rich in biodiversity.
211
Fish Species
Different types of fish counted in a study.
212
Colour Blindness
Inability to distinguish certain colors, more common in males.
213
Urgent Appointment Requests
Number of patients seeking immediate medical attention.
214
DNA Hybridisation
Technique to measure genetic similarity between species.
215
Tuberculosis Cases
Reported instances of TB in a specific population.
216
Mean Percentage DNA Hybridisation
Average genetic similarity percentage between crane species.
217
Statistically Significant Differences
Differences that are unlikely to occur by chance.
218
Spearman's Rank Correlation
Test assessing association between two ranked variables.
219
Aggression Observations
Data collected regarding aggressive behavior occurrences.
220
Statistical Test
Method to analyze data and draw conclusions.
221
Sample Size
Number of observations or data points in a study.
222
Frequency Distribution
Summary of how often each value occurs.
223
Hypothesis Testing
Procedure to determine if a hypothesis is supported.
224
Positive correlation
Variables increase together, showing a direct relationship.
225
Negative correlation
One variable increases while the other decreases.
226
No correlation
No discernible relationship between two variables.
227
Line of best fit
A straight line that best represents data points.
228
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs)
Statistical measure of rank correlation between variables.
229
Null hypothesis
Assumes no relationship exists between two variables.
230
Critical value
Threshold to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
231
D2
Squared differences in ranks for paired measurements.
232
Rank the data
Assign ranks from lowest to highest values.
233
Tied scores
Scores that share ranks receive average rank.
234
Statistically significant
Results unlikely due to chance, indicating a relationship.
235
Paired measurements
Two related data points for comparison.
236
Correlation significance test
Determines if correlation is statistically meaningful.
237
Uphill line
Graph representation indicating positive correlation.
238
Length (metres)
Measurement of blue whale's length in meters.
239
Mass (tonnes)
Measurement of blue whale's mass in tonnes.
240
Sum of D2 (∑D2)
Total of squared differences in ranks.
241
Equation for rs
Formula used to calculate Spearman's rank correlation.
242
Value of rs
Indicates strength and direction of correlation.
243
Perfect positive correlation
Correlation value of 1 indicates complete agreement.
244
Perfect negative correlation
Correlation value of -1 indicates complete opposition.
245
Significance level
Probability threshold for determining statistical significance.
246
Rank of variable 1
Ranking assigned to the first variable's data.
247
Rank of variable 2
Ranking assigned to the second variable's data.
248
Mean rank
Average rank assigned to tied scores.
249
Correlation coefficient interpretation
Understanding the meaning of the correlation value.
250
Rejecting the null hypothesis
Concluding a relationship exists between variables.
251
Positive correlation
Relationship where both variables increase together.
252
Negative correlation
Relationship where one variable increases, the other decreases.
253
Null hypothesis
Assumes no correlation between studied variables.
254
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Statistical measure of correlation using ranks.
255
Critical value
Threshold to determine significance of correlation.
256
Quadrat
Frame used to sample plants in ecology.
257
Moorland restoration
Rehabilitating moorland ecosystems for biodiversity.
258
Paired readings
Data points collected in matched sets.
259
Rank data
Ordering data points from smallest to largest.
260
D (Difference)
Difference between ranks of two variables.
261
D² (Squared difference)
Square of the difference D.
262
∑D²
Sum of all squared differences.
263
n (sample size)
Total number of paired observations.
264
Volume (cm³)
Space occupied by the bird's throat pouch.
265
Frequency (Hz)
Number of sound waves produced per second.
266
Drumming sound
Mating call produced by male Frigatebirds.
267
Ecologist
Scientist studying ecosystems and environmental interactions.
268
Plant species correlation
Relationship between growth of different plant types.
269
Restored moorland
Moorland that has been rehabilitated post-disturbance.
270
Statistical significance
Likelihood that result is not due to chance.
271
Correlation analysis
Statistical method to assess relationships between variables.
272
Hypothesis testing
Method to determine validity of a hypothesis.
273
Plant density
Number of plants per unit area.
274
Frigatebird
Bird species known for its distinctive pouch.
275
Ecological monitoring
Regular observation to assess environmental changes.
276
Correlation coefficient interpretation
Evaluating strength and direction of a relationship.
277
Restoration year
Year when the moorland was rehabilitated (2003).
278
Pouch size
Measurement of the Frigatebird's throat pouch.
279
Volume estimation
Calculating the size of the pouch in cm³.
280
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Statistical measure of correlation between two variables.
281
Critical value
Threshold value to determine significance of correlation.
282
Null hypothesis
Assumption that there is no effect or relationship.
283
Probability of chance
Likelihood that results occurred randomly.
284
Purple loosestrife
Invasive plant species targeted for biological control.
285
Biological control
Using natural predators to manage pest populations.
286
Mean number of beetles
Average count of beetles per square meter.
287
Rank the data
Ordering data points from lowest to highest.
288
Calculate Spearman's rank
Compute correlation based on ranked data.
289
Difference (D)
Discrepancy between ranks of two variables.
290
D squared (D²)
Square of the difference values.
291
Sum of D squared (∑D²)
Total of all squared differences.
292
Sample size (n)
Total number of observations in the study.
293
Blood sugar concentration
Amount of glucose in blood, measured in mg.
294
Time of day
Specific hour when blood glucose was measured.
295
Mean number of plant species
Average count of species on roundabouts.
296
Mowing frequency
Interval at which grass is cut on roundabouts.
297
Biodiversity
Variety of plant and animal species in an area.
298
Significant relationship
Statistically meaningful connection between two variables.
299
Carbohydrates
Nutrients that increase blood glucose levels.
300
Glucose concentration
Measurement of sugar level in blood.
301
Interval between mowing
Time period between grass cutting sessions.
302
Investigative study
Research conducted to explore a specific hypothesis.
303
Ecologists
Scientists who study ecosystems and biodiversity.
304
Road junctions
Intersections where roads meet, often with roundabouts.
305
Statistical significance
Probability that results are not due to chance.
306
Correlation
Relationship between two variables, indicating association.
307
Mean number of plant species
Average count of different plant species observed.
308
Null hypothesis
Assumes no significant difference exists between groups.
309
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Non-parametric measure of rank correlation between variables.
310
∑D²
Sum of squared differences in ranks.
311
rs value
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient value calculated.
312
Critical value
Threshold for determining significance in correlation.
313
5% probability
Threshold for statistical significance in hypothesis testing.
314
Temperature (°C)
Independent variable affecting rate of respiration.
315
Rate of respiration
Measured by bubbles produced per minute.
316
Egg mass (g)
Weight of eggs in grams.
317
Chick mass (g)
Weight of chicks at hatching in grams.
318
Shell length (mm)
Length of mussel shells measured in millimeters.
319
Shell width (mm)
Width of mussel shells measured in millimeters.
320
Mood correlation
Relationship between mood and liquid consumption.
321
Liquid consumed
Amount of liquid intake measured daily.
322
Body height correlation
Relationship between height and biological age.
323
Growth rate of bacteria
Rate at which bacteria multiply in culture.
324
Citric acid concentration
Amount of citric acid in growth medium.
325
Student's t-test
Statistical test comparing means of two groups.
326
Significant difference
Statistically meaningful variation between two means.
327
Replicate flasks
Multiple samples used for reliable measurement.
328
Mean value
Average calculated from a set of measurements.
329
Bacterium A
First strain of bacteria in the experiment.
330
Bacterium B
Second strain of bacteria in the experiment.
331
Flask measurements
Data collected from individual bacterial cultures.
332
Worked example
Illustrative calculation demonstrating statistical methods.
333
Correlation interpretation
Analysis of relationship strength between two variables.
334
Negative correlation
Inverse relationship where one variable increases, the other decreases.
335
Positive correlation
Direct relationship where both variables increase together.
336
Equilibrate temperature
Allowing yeast temperature to stabilize with water bath.
337
Bacterium A
First type of bacteria studied in the experiment.
338
Bacterium B
Second type of bacteria compared in the experiment.
339
Mean
Average value calculated from data set.
340
Standard Deviation (s)
Measure of data variability around the mean.
341
Variance (s²)
Square of the standard deviation, indicates data spread.
342
s² ÷ n
Variance divided by sample size, used in t-test.
343
t-value
Calculated statistic used to compare means.
344
Degrees of Freedom
Number of independent values in a calculation.
345
Critical Value
Threshold for determining significance in hypothesis testing.
346
Null Hypothesis
Assumption stating no significant difference exists.
347
t-test
Statistical test comparing means of two groups.
348
Significant Difference
Statistical indication that results are unlikely due to chance.
349
Acid Gastric Juices
Stomach secretions that kill most bacteria.
350
Urease
Enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid by producing ammonia.
351
Ammonia
Base produced by urease, neutralizes stomach acid.
352
Temperature Effect
Impact of temperature on enzyme activity.
353
Sample Size (n)
Number of observations in each group.
354
Interpreting Results
Analyzing calculated t-value against critical value.
355
Mean Mass
Average weight of bacteria measured in the study.
356
Probability Threshold
Standard cutoff (5%) for significance in tests.
357
Data Sheet
Reference table for critical values based on degrees of freedom.
358
Statistical Significance
Likelihood that results are not due to random chance.
359
Comparison of Means
Evaluating differences between average values of two groups.
360
Flask Experiment
Experimental setup using flasks to grow bacteria.
361
Temperature Readings
Measurements taken at different temperatures for analysis.
362
Results Table
Organized data showing outcomes of the experiment.
363
Haemoglobin reading
Measurement of hemoglobin concentration in g/dL.
364
Mean
Average value calculated from a data set.
365
Standard deviation (s)
Measure of data dispersion around the mean.
366
Variance (s²)
Square of the standard deviation, indicating spread.
367
t-value
Calculated statistic for comparing group means.
368
Cell cycle time
Duration for one complete cycle of cell division.
369
Mitosis rate
Speed of cell division in a given time.
370
Chi-squared test
Statistical test for association between categorical variables.
371
Correlation coefficient
Measure of strength and direction of relationship.
372
Allele frequency
Proportion of a specific allele in a population.
373
Probability
Likelihood of occurrence of an event.
374
Random sampling
Selecting individuals from a population randomly.
375
Bacterium A and B
Two groups compared for mean mass differences.
376
Significant difference
Statistically meaningful variation between two groups.
377
Flowchart for tests
Guide for selecting appropriate statistical tests.
378
Fur seals
Marine mammals breeding in Antarctic regions.
379
Frequency of b allele
Rate of occurrence of the recessive allele.
380
Statistical test justification
Rationale for choosing a specific statistical method.
381
Comparing frequencies
Analyzing counts of occurrences in different groups.
382
Bacterial mass comparison
Analysis of weight differences between two bacteria.
383
Results interpretation
Understanding outcomes based on statistical analysis.
384
Cell division comparison
Evaluating mitosis rates in different cell types.
385
Significant increase
Notable rise in data over a period.
386
Statistical analysis
Process of collecting and interpreting quantitative data.
387
Null Hypothesis
Assumption stating no effect or difference exists.
388
Probability
Likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a fraction.
389
Chance
Random occurrence of events without predictability.
390
Return Rate
Rate of food delivery to nest per time.
391
Statistical Test
Method to determine significance of results.
392
Significantly Better Provider
Provider with higher return rate for chicks.
393
Malaria
Disease caused by a parasite affecting lizards.
394
Anolis Lizard
Genus of lizards studied for malaria effects.
395
Elevation
Height above sea level, affecting lizard infection rates.
396
Percentage Infected
Proportion of lizards infected with malaria.
397
Light Intensity
Amount of light measured in Lux affecting photosynthesis.
398
Photosynthesis Rate
Number of bubbles produced per minute by Elodea.
399
Statistical Significance
Probability results are not due to chance.
400
Dihybrid Cross
Genetic cross examining two traits simultaneously.
401
Expected Ratio
Theoretical proportion of phenotypes in offspring.
402
Observed Results
Actual counts of phenotypes from the experiment.
403
Moss Growth Comparison
Analysis of moss area on tree sides.
404
Seedling Growth Measurement
Length increase of seedlings under different light.
405
Mean Increase
Average growth measurement across multiple trials.
406
Return Rate Calculation
Measured in mg/hour for feeding efficiency.
407
Infection Sampling
Collecting data on lizard populations over time.
408
Statistical Justification
Reasoning for choosing a specific statistical test.
409
Correlation Test
Determines relationship between two variables.
410
T-Test
Compares means between two groups for significance.
411
Chi-Squared Test
Assesses differences between observed and expected frequencies.
412
Light Reflection Intensity
Measured light reflected by colored segments.
413
Experimental Repetition
Conducting trials multiple times for reliability.
414
Data Collection Interval
Time period between data sampling events.
415
Breeding Behavior
Parental actions in providing for offspring.
416
Statistical Analysis
Process of interpreting data to draw conclusions.
417
Experimental Control
Conditions kept constant to ensure valid results.
418
Sample Size
Number of subjects included in the study.
419
Data Interpretation
Analyzing results to understand biological implications.
