Topic 3 - Exchange of gas + material Flashcards
1
Q
Exchange surfaces
A
Areas where substances cross cell membranes.
2
Q
Surface area:volume ratio
A
Relationship between organism size and surface area.
3
Q
High surface area:volume ratio
A
Facilitates efficient material exchange.
4
Q
Simple diffusion
A
Movement of substances across membranes without energy.
5
Q
Concentration gradient
A
Difference in concentration across a space.
6
Q
Gas exchange
A
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
7
Q
Single-celled organisms
A
Organisms relying on diffusion for gas exchange.
8
Q
Tracheae
A
Tubes in insects for gas exchange.
9
Q
Tracheoles
A
Smaller tubes extending from tracheae to tissues.
10
Q
Waterproof cuticle
A
Insect covering to prevent water loss.
11
Q
Spiracles
A
Openings in insects for gas exchange control.
12
Q
Ventilation
A
Movement of air to enhance gas exchange.
13
Q
Respiration
A
Process of using oxygen to release energy.
14
Q
Heat loss in mammals
A
Smaller mammals lose heat faster per gram.
15
Q
Diffusion distances
A
Distance substances travel during diffusion.
16
Q
Amoebae
A
Single-celled organisms using diffusion for gas exchange.
17
Q
Chitin
A
Material forming insect tracheae hairs.
18
Q
Body shape adaptations
A
Changes to enhance exchange in larger organisms.
19
Q
Internal organs
A
Structures improving exchange efficiency in multicellular organisms.
20
Q
Oxygen consumption
A
Using oxygen for respiration in cells.
21
Q
Carbon dioxide production
A
Waste from respiration needing to exit cells.
22
Q
Water potential gradient
A
Difference in water concentration affecting evaporation.
23
Q
Muscle contractions
A
Help ventilate tracheoles during increased respiration.
24
Q
Evaporation prevention
A
Insects’ need to conserve water during gas exchange.
25
Maximized concentration gradients
Enhances diffusion rates by increasing differences.
26
Surface area increase
Larger areas facilitate better gas exchange.
27
Gills
Organs in fish for gas exchange.
28
Gill Filaments
Structures that increase surface area for gas exchange.
29
Lamellae
Flattened epithelial cells in gills reducing diffusion distance.
30
Capillaries
Small blood vessels carrying oxygen away from gills.
31
Counter-Current Principle
Blood flows opposite to water for efficient gas exchange.
32
Diffusion Gradient
Difference in concentration driving gas exchange.
33
Stomata
Tiny openings in leaves for gas exchange.
34
Spongy Mesophyll
Leaf tissue facilitating gas movement and exchange.
35
Transpiration
Water loss from leaves due to evaporation.
36
Xerophytes
Plants adapted to survive in dry environments.
37
Waxy Cuticle
Waterproof layer preventing water loss from leaves.
38
Leaf Hairs
Structures trapping humid air to reduce water loss.
39
Reduced Leaf Surface Area
Adaptation to minimize water evaporation.
40
Trachea
Main airway supported by cartilage rings.
41
Bronchi
Airways branching from the trachea to lungs.
42
Ciliated Epithelial Cells
Cells that move mucus and trap particles.
43
Goblet Cells
Cells secreting mucus in respiratory tract.
44
Bronchioles
Smaller airways controlling airflow to alveoli.
45
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
46
Epithelial Cells
Cells forming the lining of alveoli.
47
Endothelial Cells
Cells lining blood capillaries.
48
Surface Area
Total area available for gas exchange.
49
Concentration Gradient
Difference in concentration promoting diffusion.
50
Diffusion Distance
Distance gases must travel for exchange.
51
Ventilation
Process of moving air in and out of lungs.
52
Oxygen Diffusion
Movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood.
53
Carbon Dioxide Diffusion
Movement of CO2 from blood to alveoli.
54
Inspiration
Air intake process involving diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
55
Expiration
Air release process involving diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
56
Pulmonary ventilation
Air volume taken into lungs per time (dm3min-1).
57
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled at rest (dm3).
58
Ventilation rate
Number of breaths taken per minute (min-1).
59
Pulmonary ventilation formula
Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate.
60
Emphysema
Lung disease reducing oxygen diffusion rate.
61
Pulmonary fibrosis
Lung disease increasing diffusion distance via scar tissue.
62
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in lungs for gas exchange.
63
Elastic tissue
Tissue aiding lung recoil during expiration.
64
Correlation
Statistical relationship between two variables.
65
Causal link
Direct cause-and-effect relationship between factors.
66
Amylase
Enzyme breaking down starch into maltose.
67
Maltose
Disaccharide formed from starch digestion.
68
Endopeptidase
Enzyme hydrolyzing peptide bonds within proteins.
69
Exopeptidase
Enzyme hydrolyzing peptide bonds at ends of peptides.
70
Dipeptidase
Enzyme converting dipeptides into amino acids.
71
Bile salts
Substances emulsifying lipids for digestion.
72
Lipase
Enzyme breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids.
73
Micelles
Structures formed by lipids and bile salts.
74
Hydrolysis
Chemical breakdown of compounds by water.
75
Glycosidic bonds
Bonds linking glucose molecules in starch.
76
Peptide bonds
Bonds linking amino acids in proteins.
77
Triglycerides
Main form of stored fat in the body.
78
Ileum
Final part of small intestine for absorption.
79
Surface area
Total area available for absorption or reaction.
80
Elastic recoil
Lungs returning to original shape after expiration.
81
Sodium ions
Transported actively into blood from epithelial cells.
82
Concentration gradient
Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
83
Co-transport protein
Facilitates simultaneous transport of sodium and glucose.
84
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.
85
Monoglycerides
Products of triglyceride breakdown, lipid soluble.
86
Micelles
Aggregates that help transport lipids across membranes.
87
Endoplasmic reticulum
Site of triglyceride reformation in epithelial cells.
88
Chylomicrons
Protein-coated droplets transporting triglycerides in lymph.
89
Lacteals
Small vessels carrying lymph, absorb chylomicrons.
90
Hydrolysed triglycerides
Converted back to monoglycerides and fatty acids.
91
Mass transport
Movement of substances over long distances in organisms.
92
Pressure gradients
Differences in pressure driving mass transport.
93
Double circulation
Blood returns to heart after oxygenation in lungs.
94
Coronary artery
Supplies blood to the heart muscle.
95
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
96
Pulmonary vein
Returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
97
Renal artery
Supplies blood to the kidneys.
98
Renal vein
Carries blood away from the kidneys.
99
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart, pump blood to arteries.
100
Atria
Upper chambers of the heart, receive blood from veins.
101
Valves
Ensure unidirectional blood flow in the heart.
102
Atrio-ventricular valves
Prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.
103
Semi-lunar valves
Prevent backflow into ventricles when relaxed.
104
Cardiac cycle
Sequence of blood flow through the heart.
105
Atrial contraction
Forces blood through atrioventricular valves.
106
Ventricular contraction
Increases pressure to push blood into arteries.
107
Backflow prevention
Mechanism to stop blood from reversing direction.
108
Oxygenated blood
Blood rich in oxygen returning to the heart.
109
Ventricles
Lower heart chambers that pump blood out.
110
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped by heart per time.
111
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat.
112
Heart Rate
Number of heartbeats per minute.
113
Cardiovascular Diseases
Diseases affecting heart or circulatory system.
114
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
Transport saturated fat and cholesterol in blood.
115
Atheroma
Fatty deposits in artery walls causing narrowing.
116
Atherosclerosis
Build-up of atheroma in arteries.
117
Blood Clot
Solid mass formed from blood components.
118
Embolism
Mobile blood clot that can obstruct vessels.
119
Thrombus
Stationary blood clot within a blood vessel.
120
Thrombosis
Condition caused by blood clot formation.
121
Myocardial Infarction
Heart muscle death due to oxygen deprivation.
122
Aneurysm
Artery swelling due to loss of elasticity.
123
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Transport unsaturated fats, reducing atheroma formation.
124
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.
125
Capillaries
Small blood vessels for material exchange.
126
Endothelial Cells
Cells lining blood vessels, reducing diffusion distance.
127
Fenestrations
Gaps in capillary walls for fluid movement.
128
Venules
Small veins collecting blood from capillaries.
129
Veins
Blood vessels carrying blood back to heart.
130
Plasma
Liquid component of blood containing various substances.
131
Red Blood Cells
Cells transporting oxygen throughout the body.
132
White Blood Cells
Cells involved in immune response.
133
Platelets
Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting.
134
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.
135
Skeletal Muscles
Muscles aiding blood flow in veins.
136
High Blood Pressure
Increased pressure in arteries, risking atheroma.
137
Risk Factors
Conditions increasing likelihood of cardiovascular diseases.
138
Tissue Fluid
Plasma without larger proteins, facilitates diffusion.
139
Lymph
Remaining tissue fluid, drains into lymphatic system.
140
Haemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells, transports oxygen.
141
Quaternary Structure
Haemoglobin's structure with four polypeptides.
142
Oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin bound to oxygen molecules.
143
Cooperative Binding
First oxygen binding eases further bindings.
144
Affinity
Haemoglobin's attraction to oxygen varies with concentration.
145
Partial Pressure
Pressure exerted by oxygen in a mixture.
146
High Affinity
Strong binding of oxygen at high partial pressures.
147
Low Affinity
Weaker binding of oxygen at low partial pressures.
148
Dissociation Curve
Graph showing haemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity.
149
Right Shift Curve
Lower affinity for oxygen, releases more readily.
150
Left Shift Curve
Higher affinity for oxygen, binds more readily.
151
Bohr Shift
Rightward shift due to increased carbon dioxide.
152
Root Pressure
Pressure from water entering xylem vessels.
153
Symplast Pathway
Water movement through living cell cytoplasm.
154
Water Potential Gradient
Difference in water potential driving osmosis.
155
Endodermal Cells
Cells actively transporting ions into xylem.
156
Mineral Ions
Nutrients that affect water potential in xylem.
157
Osmosis
Water movement from high to low potential.
158
Transpiration
Water loss from leaves, affects root pressure.
159
Metabolic Rate
Rate of energy consumption in organisms.
160
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Influences heat loss and metabolic needs.
161
Carbonic Acid
Formed from carbon dioxide and water.
162
pH Reduction
Lower pH decreases haemoglobin's oxygen affinity.
163
Respiring Muscles
Muscles consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide.
164
Xylem Vessels
Transport water from roots to leaves.
165
Height of Water Transport
Water can be pushed up to 2-3 meters.
166
Cohesion-tension mechanism
Water movement driven by evaporation and cohesion.
167
Transpiration
Water loss from plant surfaces via evaporation.
168
Stomata
Pores on leaves regulating gas and water exchange.
169
Water potential gradient
Difference in water potential driving water movement.
170
Osmosis
Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
171
Xylem vessels
Conduct water from roots to leaves.
172
Hydrogen bonds
Attractive forces between water molecules ensuring cohesion.
173
Continuous columns of water
Unbroken chains of water molecules in xylem.
174
Tension in xylem
Negative pressure created by water evaporation.
175
Adhesion
Water molecules' attraction to xylem vessel walls.
176
Potometer
Device measuring water uptake in plants.
177
Rate of water uptake
Volume of water absorbed by plant over time.
178
Distance moved by bubble
Measurement used to calculate water uptake rate.
179
Mass-flow hypothesis
Explains movement of organic substances in phloem.
180
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by fluid in a confined space.
181
Source
Region of high hydrostatic pressure in phloem.
182
Sink
Region of low hydrostatic pressure in phloem.
183
Active transport
Energy-dependent movement of substances against gradient.
184
Sieve tube elements
Phloem cells transporting organic compounds.
185
Ringing experiment
Method to study transport in phloem and xylem.
186
Radioactively labelled carbon dioxide
Used to trace sucrose production in leaves.
187
Autoradiography
Technique to visualize radioactivity in plant tissues.
188
Companion cells
Phloem cells aiding in transport and metabolism.
189
Metabolic poisons
Substances inhibiting respiration and translocation.
190
Temperature dependence
Translocation rate affected by environmental temperature.
191
Sieve plates
Structures in phloem that may impede mass flow.
192
Kinetic energy
Energy of water molecules increasing evaporation rate.
193
Humidity
Amount of water vapor in the air.
194
Wind speed
Rate of air movement affecting transpiration.
195
Light exposure
Stimulates stomata opening for gas exchange.
196
Sucrose conversion
Sucrose transformed into starch or new cell material.
197
Photosynthesis
Process converting light energy into chemical energy.
198
Evaporation
Process of water turning from liquid to vapor.
199
Water uptake
Absorption of water by plant roots.
