Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS4 Oral Medicine > STD 1 > Flashcards

STD 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are STDs?

A

Diseases which are capable of being spread from person to person through sexual contact and not only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can STDs be transmitted?

A
  • Sexual Intercourse
    vaginal
    anal
    oral
  • Blood-to-blood contact
  • Sharing needles or other drug-use equipment
  • Tattoo or body piercing
  • Infected mother to her baby
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which body fluids are considered high risk for STD transmission?

A
  • Semen
  • Vaginal fluid
  • Blood
  • Fluid in sores or blisters
  • Cerebrospinal fluid, Amniotic fluid, Pleural fluid, Synovial fluid, and Peritoneal and Pericardial fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which fluids are considered low risk for STD transmission?

A
  • Saliva
  • Tears
  • Sweat
  • Urine
  • Feces
  • Ear wax
  • Nasal secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of Trichomonas Vaginalis?

A

Anaerobic

Parasitic Protozoa

Pyriform/amoeboid shape

10-20um length x 2-14um width

4 flagellum pointing anterior, 1 posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What part does Trichomonas attach to and replicate?

A

Squamous epithelium of genital tract
-> replicates in lower genital tract, urethra, prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens when Trichomonas attaches to tissue?

A

Lyses host epithelial cells

Triggers immune response causing inflammation

Pathogenic disruption of vaginal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What area is Tricomoniasis most prevalent in?

A

Western pacific region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of patients with Trichomoniasis are asymptomatic?

A

Men- 77%

Females- 85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis in females?

A
  • Heavy, unpleasant smelling green-yellow discharge
  • Itching and burning at the outside of the opening of the vagina and vulva
  • Painful and frequent urination
  • Vulvar irritation and abdominal pain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis in males?

A
  • Mild discomfort in urethra
  • Minimal urethral discharge
  • Dysuria
  • Inflamed head of the penis.
    -> Complications can also include epididymitis, prostatitis, and decreased sperm cell motility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of oral ulcers seen in patients with Trichomonas present?

A

Large- 1-1.5cm in diameter

Circumscribed with elevated edges

Necrotic centre- with yellowish colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is Trichomoniasis diagnosed?

A

Direct Microscopic examination- wet mount

Isolation- gold standard but higher cost

Rapid tests
-> OSOM
-> GeneXpert
-> Xenostrip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is Trichomoniasis treated?

A

Avoid sexual intercourse and tell partners

Metroniazdole/Tinidazole- single dose 2g orally

Metronizadole- 400-500mg x 2 daily for 7 days
-> mostly for HIV patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What must patients on metronidazole and tinidazole abstain from?

A

Alcohol
-> M- until 24 hours after last dose
-> T- until 72 hours after last dose

Prevents disulfiram reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of bacteria is Chlamydia?

A

Gram negative obligate anaerobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the forms of Chlamydia?

A

Elementary body- 300nm, extracellular, metabolically inactive

Reticulate body- 400nm, intracellular, replicative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to elementary body as it enters host cell?

A

It transforms it to Reticulate body form
-> it returns to EB form when released by host cell as a result of inclusion extrusion or lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes Chlamydia to become non-infectious persistent form?

A

Exposure to:
* IFN gamma
* Pencillin G
* Iron depletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the incubation period in Chlamydia?

A

7-21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some of the symptoms that can occur in patients who have asymptomatic genital Chlamydia?

A

Fever

Weight loss

Lymphadenopathy

Fatigue

Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the female symptoms of Chlamydia?

A

Vaginal discharge (white or grey)

Burning with urination

Lower abdominal pain

Bleeding between menstrual periods

Cervicitis that can progress to pelvic
inflammatory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the male symptoms of Chlamydia?

A

Urethritis, or less commonly epididymitis

Discharge from the penis

Painful and burning urination

Burning and itching around the opening of the penis

Pain and swelling around the testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How may chlamydia present orally?

A

Tonsillopharyngitis

Oropharyngeal Lymphogranuloma

25
What tests can be done for Chlamydia?
PCR/SDA/TDA- high sensitivity, can be done from urine/vaginal swabs, automated Cell culture EIA DFA Serology- if other specimens not obtainable
26
How is Chlamydia treated?
Abstain from sex until regimen is completed Azithromycin- single dose 1g orally Doxycycline- 100mg x 2 daily for 7 days
27
What are the features of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae?
Gram Negative Non-motile cocci 0.8um Can be in pairs
28
What are the steps in the pathogenesis of gonorrhoea?
1. Adherence to urogenital epithelium 2. Competition with resident microbiota- colinsation and invasion of epithelium 3. Release of peptidogylycan, LOS, OMVs- causes NOD/TLR activation , triggering innate immunity 4. Cytokine chemokine and inflammatory transcription factor activation 5. Influx of neutrophils causing phagocytosis 6. Formation of neutrophil rich purulent exudate (facilitates transmission)
29
What is the incubation period for Gonorrhea?
2-8 days
30
What are the non-genital symptoms of Gonorrhea?
Fever Chills Nausea Vomiting Leukocytosis Tonsillar infection
31
What are the female symptoms of Gonorrhea?
Cervicitis- discharge, bleeding, dysuria Urethritis Pelvic inflammatory disease
32
What are the male symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Urethritis Urethral discharge Dysuria
33
What are the complications for males of gonorrhoea?
Acute unilateral epididymitis Penile oedema (“bull-headed clap”) Penile lymphangitis Periurethral abscess Acute and chronic prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Swollen testicles
34
What type of specimens can be used for Gonorrhea?
Urine Urethral swab Rectal swab Pharyngeal swab Conjunctival swab
35
What are the different testing methods for Gonorrhea?
Microscopy Culture Nucleic acid amplification- BEST
36
What treatment is used for Gonorrhea?
Ceftriaxone
37
What is Syphillis caused by?
Treponema Pallidum- spirochete bacterium
38
What are the features of Treponema Pallidum?
Helical shape Micro-aerophillic bacterium 6-20um length, 0.1-0.18um in diameter Central protoplasmic cylinder bound by cytoplasm membrane with overlying peptidoglycan then out membrane Flagelar motors and filaments
39
Where is syphilis most incident?
Africa
40
How is syphilis spread?
Direct contact lesion Blood transfer Sexual contact
41
What are the steps in the pathogenesis of Syphilis?
Spirochetes adhere to epithelial cells or ECM allowing them to penetrate mucous membranes or enter through abrasions Spirochetes then penetrate ECM and intercellular junctions- invasion Tissue destruction occur due to immune response elicited by spirochetes
42
How long does the primary syphilitic lesion take to appear?
3 weeks after inoculation
43
How does primary syphillis present?
As a chancre -> Painless ulcer or papule -> Typically single -> Lasts 3-6 weeks then heals on its on without scarring Lympadenopathy Resolves with tx
44
How does secondary syphilis present?
Occurs many weeks after primary infection Fever Weight loss Fatigue Myalgias Athralgias Sore throat Headache Hairloss Rash- macular, papular, follicular, scarring -> can occur orally
45
When does latent syphilis occur?
If primary and secondary manifestations resolve without treatment
46
What are the stages of the latent phase of syphilis?
Early latent- within first year -> T.pallidum can be present in tissues and give recurrence -> responds to tx Late- after first year -> does not respond to treatment
47
What occurs after the latent stage of syphilis?
Tertiary stage (15% of untreated patients)
48
What are the lesions that occur in tertiary syphillis?
Neurological -> Meningeal syphilis -> Meningovascular -> General paresis -> Tabes Dorsalis CV Muco-cutaneous
49
What are some of the signs and symptoms od early congenital syphilis?
Still birth Lymphadenopathy Anaemia Leukopenia/leukocytosis Rhinitis Rash Long bone lesions Aseptic meningitis Retinitis
50
What are the signs and symptoms of late congenital syphillis?
Hutchinson's teeth Mulberry Molars Interstitial keratitis of eye CN8 damage- deafness Saddel nose Impaired maxillary growth
51
What are the features of hutchinson's teeth? (upper incisors)
Present at 6 years Centrally notched Widely spaced Peg shaped
52
What are the features of mulberry molars?
Surface has poorly developed cusps giving dome shaped tooth
53
What are the differential diagnoses for Primary syphillis?
* HSV * RAS * Penile cancer * TB * Behcets * LP * Traumatic ulceration * Reiters * Scabies
54
What are the methods for diagnosis Syphilis? (detection of T.Pallidum)
Darkfield Microscopy Direct fluorescent antibody staining PCR Immunohistochemisty
55
What are the types of serodiagnostic tests for syphillis?
Nontreponemal -> measures IgM and IgG produced in response to lipoidal material released from bacterium/dying host cells -> becomes positive 10-15 days after lesion Treponemal- detects antibodies agains TP proteins (highly specific) -> not useful for treatment effectiveness -> Becomes positive 6-14 days after primary lesion -> Good if missed by NTT
56
What treatment is used for Primary, Secondary, Early latent syphillis?
Penicillin- 2.4 million units of penicillin -> 2 IM injections Doxycycline- 100mg 2 x per day for 14 days Tetracycline- 500mg 4 x per day for 14 days
57
What treatment is used for late latent, Cardiovascular, mucocutaneous syphillis?
Penillin- 7.2 million units IM -> 2.4 at 7 day intervals for 21 days Doxycycline- 100 mg x2 per day for 28 days Tetracycline- 500mg x4 per day for 28 days
58
What is the treatment for symptomatic or asymptomatic neurosyphilis?
2-4 million units of aqueous penicillin G IV every 4 hours for 10 days 2-4 million units of procaine penicillin IM and probenecid 500mg x 4 daily for 10-14 days Ceftriaxone- 2g IM or IV for 10-14 days

BDS4 Oral Medicine (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions