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PAPER 1 TL DSP Building Technology > Steel + Insite Concrete frames > Flashcards

Steel + Insite Concrete frames Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of In-situ Concrete Skeleton Frames?

A
  • Foundation
  • Columns –Compression member
  • Beams – flexural member
  • Slabs
  • Reinforced Concrete Walls
    (shear walls or Bearing walls)
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2
Q

Where are Shear walls located?

A

Located at periphery of the building

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3
Q

What loads do Shear walls resist?

A

Resist vertical and horizontal loads

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4
Q

Where are bearing walls located?

A

Mainly at inside building

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5
Q

What loads do Bearing walls resist?

A

Resist mainly vertical loads

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6
Q

What reinforcements are major to resist compression and bending?

A

Vertical

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7
Q

What reinforcements are major in resisting shear?

A

Horizontal

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8
Q

Why are foundations built underground? (3 reasons)

A

1) To reach a stronger soil datum (level)
2) To have a more stable building
3) To protect the foundation from weather (freezing, floods, leaking)

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9
Q

Can Shear walls be Bearing walls?

A

yes

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10
Q

Can all bearing walls be shear walls?

A

no

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11
Q

How are gravitational loads transferred?

A

Load is transferred from the slab to the beams, then down the columns, foundation, and then into the soil.

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12
Q

How are lateral loads transferred?

A

Load is transferred to the sheer wall that moves the load from the upper part of the building down to the foundation. Resisting the force preventing swaying, tilting or collapse.

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13
Q

What are the construction requirements for concrete frames?

A

Formwork and falsework are required in the concrete frames

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14
Q

What is Formwork?

A

The sheet material the concrete​ is directly poured against or onto

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15
Q

What is Falsework?

A

the support system that holds the form work into position

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16
Q

Why is Oil brushed onto formwork?

A

so that concrete doesn’t solidify into it or get stuck to it. Meaning they are easy to separate.

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17
Q

How many days must concrete be left to cure to gain the designed strength?

A

28

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18
Q

What are the methods of curing in hot and cold weather or at very high buildings

A

1) Water is brushed on concrete to avoid evaporation from the mixture during summer
2) Cover with a tarp to avoid exposure to the weather
3) Use hot water during winter to prevent freezing or cover with heated blankets

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19
Q

After how many days is most formwork systems struck, cleaned and refined to next position?

A

7 days (60 to 70% of its strength will be available)

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20
Q

What are the Pros of In-situ Concrete Skeleton Frame?

A

-Higher fire resistance​
-Prestress systems (pretension or posttension) can be added to increase loading capacities​
-Concrete can be moulded into any shape​
-This shell construction can be achieved

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21
Q

What are the cons of In-situ Concrete Skeleton Frame?

A
  • Longer construction periods due to formwork
  • Heavier foundations are required due to weight of concrete
  • A crane is required on site for the duration of the work​
  • A concrete pump is required​
  • More labour force
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22
Q

What is Prestress concrete?

A

Form of concrete that works by applying an external force to the concrete that enables it to carry loads in bending

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23
Q

what are the Pros of Prestress concrete?

A
  • eliminates the tensile cracks that form in reinforced concrete
  • No cracking means the whole of the section is involved in carrying the load
  • high loads + longer span since material will be stiffer
  • Material efficiency = whole of the section is working
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24
Q

what are the Cons of Prestress concrete?

A
  • Requires use of special equipment
  • requires use of higher skills
  • more costly
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25
What are the types of prestressed concrete?
Pre-tensioning and post-tensioning
26
Where are steel reinforcing bars placed?
in tension zones for better performance. It is essential
27
What can concrete under dead load cause?
Bending, leading to compression stress and tension
28
What foundation is this?
Single Column Footing- Pad Foundation or also called isolated footing
29
What foundation is this?
Mat foundation - needs two layers of reinforcement to balance upward and downward bending forces - These cover the entire of the building area
30
What foundation is this?
Wall footing - strip foundation
31
What are the types of column reinforcement?
- Ties - Spirals (circular ties) with staggered hooks = stronger but less practical
32
What do ties do?
confine the concrete. Placed closer together for strength and support
33
What is the purpose for reinforcement bars?
hold some load
34
What are some of the Column cross sections?
35
What are the features of beams?
- Longitudinal reinforcement - Stirrups (shear links) - Concrete cover to protect steel rebars + provide fire resistance
36
What Slab system is this?
Beam Slab System
37
What Slab system is this?
Flat plate slab
38
What Slab system is this?
Flat slab with drops
39
What Slab system is this?
Flat slab with column capital
40
What Slab system is this?
Waffles slab
41
What Slab system is this?
One way ribbed slab
42
What Slab system is this?
Voided slab
43
What is punching failure?
When a flat plate slab penetrates through the slab
44
What are voided slabs?
A type of reinforced concrete slab which incorporates air filled voids to reduce volume of concrete required
45
What are the pros of Voided slabs?
- reduces weight + thickness of slab - increases earthquake resistance - uses recycled materials
46
What are some features of a beam slab system?
- Has the longest construction time - Strong - requires lots of materials
47
What are some features of a flat plate slab?
- Very cheap - shortest construction time - increases distance between columns - Easy to construct
48
What are some features of flat slabs with drops?
- Strong against punching
49
What are some features of flat slabs with column capitals?
- Aesthetically pleasing
50
What are some features of waffle slabs?
- cheap - strong due to its lightness - increases distance between columns - Aesthetically pleasing
51
What are some features of a one way ribbed slab?
- Most environmentally friendly
52
What are the 4 types of reinforced concrete walls?
- Basement wall - Bearing wall - Shear wall - Core wall (for lifts or stairs)
53
What are the components of a Skeleton steel frame?
- Foundation​ - Columns (Compression member)​ - Beams (flexural member)​ Girder, Beams, Secondary beams ​ - Connections ​ - Composite Slab Decks​ - Bracings
54
What frame is this?
Steel
55
What are beams?
long structures with an I-shaped cross section, consisting of ​the flange (the horizontal elements of the I), and the web (the vertical element)
56
What column connection is this?
Concrete beam column connection Components = - Main beam reinforcement rebars - concrete column - Sheer links (stirrups) - ties - Concrete beam
57
What column connection is this?
Steel beam column connection Components = - Steel beam - bolted connection - steel column
58
Why it is better to have beams in I shape not H shape?
- Higher material efficiency as materials are placed where stress is highest - Shear resistance (web handles shear) - More cost-effective
59
What steel frame connection is this?
Column Baseplate Connection Components = - steel column - stiffeners - steel plate - high-strength bolt - concrete column ties - foundation
60
What steel frame connection is this?
Beam Splice Connection
61
What steel frame connection is this?
End Plate Connection
62
What steel frame connection is this?
Column Splice Connection
63
What steel frame connection is this?
Beam Column Connection
64
What are the pros of bolted connections?
- Faster installation on site. - Easier to inspect for quality. - Can be disassembled and reused. - Safer in bad weather (no hot work).
65
What are the cons of bolted connections?
- Less rigid than welded joints. - Requires precise hole alignment. - May loosen over time under vibration.
66
What are the cons of Welded connections?
- Requires skilled labour and proper equipment. - More time-consuming and costly on-site. - Difficult to inspect and repair. - Weather-dependent (rain, wind, etc. can delay welding).
67
What are the pros of Welded connections?
- Stronger and more rigid joints. - No need for drilled holes, preserving member strength. - Better aesthetics (no bolts or plates visible).
68
What are the components of steel frame slabs?
- Profile steel decking - Shear keys (on beams to bond concrete and the beam​) - Steel rebar mesh (to temperature shrinkage provided) - Universal beam (more stability + bonds more strongly)
69
Q: What is the primary function of bracing in steel frames?
To provide stability and resist lateral loads.
70
What types of structural elements can be used for bracing?
Diagonal steel members or concrete core shear walls.
71
What are the 3 bracing frames?
- Moment resisting frame - shear wall frame - braced frame
72
What structural system typically carries all the lateral loads in a braced frame?
- The bracing system Beams and columns carry vertical load
73
What are the positives of steel frames?
Fast erection on site. High-quality fabrication done off-site under controlled conditions. Standardized sections allow economies of scale. Sustainable and recyclable material. No welding needed on-site due to bolted connections. Results in a strong and durable structure.
74
What are the cons of steel frames?
Loses strength in fire (up to 50% at high temperatures). Requires secondary fire protection. Needs corrosion treatment, especially in dusty environments. Transport limits column length. Repainting needed in exposed outdoor conditions.
75
What is shored construction in steel building construction?
A method where temporary supports (shores) are used to support the structure during erection until it's self-supporting.
76
What is un-shored construction?
A construction method where the structure supports itself without temporary shoring during erection
77
What is camber in steel construction?
A slight upward curve intentionally built into beams to counteract deflection under load.
78
Why is camber used in steel beams?
To reduce visible sag and ensure a level appearance under full load.
79
What are composite members in steel construction?
Structural elements made by combining steel and concrete to act as a single unit.
80
What is the main benefit of composite members?
They increase strength and stiffness while optimizing material use.

PAPER 1 TL DSP Building Technology (10 decks)

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