stem cells and differentation

Question 1

Define a stem cell

Answer 1

undifferentiated and unspecialised cells

Question 2

what are 3 things that stem cells need

Answer 2

growth
development
tissue repair

Question 3

what is potency

Answer 3

a stem cells ability to differentiate into different cell types

Question 4

what is a totipotent stem cell

Answer 4

can differentiate into any type of cell

Question 5

give an example of a totipotent stem cell

Answer 5

fertilised egg
8 or 16 first few mitotic divisions

Question 6

what is a pluripotent stem cell

Answer 6

form tissue types

Question 7

give an example of a pluripotent stem cell

Answer 7

embryo

Question 8

what is a multipotent stem cell

Answer 8

can form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue

Question 9

give an example of a multipotent stem cell

Answer 9

bone marrow

Question 10

How are embryonic stem cells made

Answer 10

Two zygotes fuse
undergo mitotic divisions
eventually form an embryo

Question 11

How can stem cells differentiate into different types of cells

Answer 11

Different proportions of organelles
different shapes
genes cave switched on and off

Question 12

Give 2 ways that eroythocytes are adapted to its function

Answer 12

large surface area (biconcave shape)

no nuclei (more haemoglobin can be transported)

Question 13

What is a neutrophil

Answer 13

A type of white blood cells

Question 14

Describe the formation of embryonic stem cells

Answer 14

Totipotent- early stage of embryo development
pluripotent- blastocyst has formed (mass group of cells)

Question 15

Give 2 places you can find adult stem cells

Answer 15

Bone marrow
umbilical cord

Question 16

What type of stem cell are adult stem cells

Answer 16

multipotent

Question 17

where are plant stem cells found

Answer 17

meristem tissue (found at the tip of roots and shoots) in the vascular cambium

Question 18

give 3 diseases stem cells can have the potential to treat

Answer 18

heart disease
alzhiemers
Parkinson’s disease

Question 19

what is the average width of a eryothycytes

Answer 19

7.5 nanometers

Question 20

give 2 ways neutrophils are adapted to their function

Answer 20

cytoplasm contains many lysosomes to break down pathogens

multi-loved nucleus to squeeze through tiny spaces to reach infection

Question 21

give 2 ways in which sperm cells are adapted to their function

Answer 21

acrosome has digestive enzymes which penetrate the ovum and fertilise the egg

flagella and tail are used for movement towards the egg

Question 22

what is the role of palisade cells

Answer 22

to absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis

Question 23

give 2 ways in which palisade cells are adapted to their function

Answer 23

many chloroplasts present

thin cell wall- short diffusion pathway for products and reactants of photosynthesis

Question 24

give 2 ways in which root hair cells are adapted to their function

Answer 24

long extension (root hair) increase surface area

thin cellulose cell wall (short diffusion pathway)

Question 25

give 1 way in which guard cells are adapted to their function

Answer 25

gas exchange- stomota on their surface

Question 26

give 1 way in which squamous epithelium are adapted to their function

Answer 26

thin layer of squamous epithelium cells- fast diffusion rate

Question 27

give 1 way in which ciliated epithelium are adapted to their function

Answer 27

cilia- moves substances such as mucus across the membrane

goblet cells- release mucus to trap any unwanted particles

Question 28

give 2 ways in which cartilage are adapted to their function

Answer 28

elastic fibres- flexible
collagen- strength

Question 29

give 2 ways in which muscle tissue is adapted to their function

Answer 29

myocytes- helps in contraction in muscles

lots of mitochondria- for energy for movement

Question 30

give 2 ways in which epidermis is adapted to their function

Answer 30

waxy cuticle- waterproof (reduces water loss)

guard cells- opens and closes stomotas