Stereotypes I: stereotypes as expectancies

Question 1

stereotypes as expectancies

Answer 1

“Stereotypes can be construed as category-based expectancies that we have learned from our own personal experiences and/or various socialising agents within the culture (parents, teachers, religion, friends, the Internet, TV, etc)” (Moskowitz, 2005)

Question 2

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 2

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as…

Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women

Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group

Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 3

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 3

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act

Category-based processing = default option

Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play

Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools…

When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 4

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 4

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979)

Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 5

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 5

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable…

And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning

They are learned from experience (often)

Question 6

therefore…

Answer 6

According to heuristic hypothesis…
- “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985)

Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 7

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 7

task complexity

resource depletion

Question 8

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 8

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively?

A. Easier to assess…tell me

Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task

Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript

After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 9

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 9

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning…

Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 10

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 10

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference)

Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10)

Hypothesis supported?

Question 11

likelihood of guilt

Answer 11

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference)

Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05)

Hypothesis supported?

Question 12

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 12

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.)

Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05)

Hypothesis supported?

Question 13

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 13

Dual task paradigm

Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia)

Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label)

Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 14

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 14

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 15

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 15

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task

Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 16

distractions in the real world

Answer 16

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted…

But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 17

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 17

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC)

Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip)

Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and…

Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)!

When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 18

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 18

Form impression of old lady

Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility

Half told they would meet but not work with her

Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more

Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping

Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 19

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 19

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split)

Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics

Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day

Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 20

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 20

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as…

Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women

Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group

Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 21

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 21

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act

Category-based processing = default option

Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play

Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools…

When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 22

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 22

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979)

Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 23

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 23

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable…

And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning

They are learned from experience (often)

Question 24

therefore…

Answer 24

According to heuristic hypothesis…
- “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985)

Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 25

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 25

task complexity resource depletion

Question 26

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 26

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 27

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 27

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 28

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 28

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 29

likelihood of guilt

Answer 29

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 30

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 30

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 31

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 31

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 32

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 32

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 33

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 33

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 34

distractions in the real world

Answer 34

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 35

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 35

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 36

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 36

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 37

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 37

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 38

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 38

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 39

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 39

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 40

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 40

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 41

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 41

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 42

therefore...

Answer 42

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 43

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 43

task complexity resource depletion

Question 44

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 44

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 45

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 45

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 46

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 46

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 47

likelihood of guilt

Answer 47

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 48

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 48

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 49

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 49

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 50

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 50

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 51

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 51

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 52

distractions in the real world

Answer 52

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 53

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 53

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 54

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 54

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 55

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 55

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 56

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 56

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 57

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 57

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 58

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 58

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 59

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 59

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 60

therefore...

Answer 60

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 61

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 61

task complexity resource depletion

Question 62

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 62

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 63

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 63

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 64

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 64

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 65

likelihood of guilt

Answer 65

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 66

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 66

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 67

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 67

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 68

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 68

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 69

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 69

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 70

distractions in the real world

Answer 70

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 71

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 71

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 72

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 72

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 73

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 73

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 74

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 74

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 75

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 75

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 76

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 76

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 77

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 77

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 78

therefore...

Answer 78

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 79

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 79

task complexity resource depletion

Question 80

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 80

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 81

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 81

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 82

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 82

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 83

likelihood of guilt

Answer 83

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 84

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 84

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 85

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 85

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 86

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 86

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 87

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 87

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 88

distractions in the real world

Answer 88

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 89

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 89

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 90

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 90

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 91

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 91

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 92

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 92

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 93

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 93

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 94

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 94

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 95

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 95

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 96

therefore...

Answer 96

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 97

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 97

task complexity resource depletion

Question 98

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 98

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 99

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 99

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 100

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 100

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 101

likelihood of guilt

Answer 101

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 102

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 102

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 103

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 103

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 104

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 104

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 105

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 105

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 106

distractions in the real world

Answer 106

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 107

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 107

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 108

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 108

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 109

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 109

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 110

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 110

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 111

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 111

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 112

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 112

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 113

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 113

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 114

therefore...

Answer 114

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 115

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 115

task complexity resource depletion

Question 116

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 116

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 117

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 117

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 118

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 118

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 119

likelihood of guilt

Answer 119

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 120

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 120

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 121

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 121

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 122

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 122

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 123

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 123

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 124

distractions in the real world

Answer 124

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 125

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 125

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 126

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 126

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 127

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 127

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 128

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 128

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 129

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 129

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 130

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 130

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 131

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 131

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 132

therefore...

Answer 132

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 133

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 133

task complexity resource depletion

Question 134

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 134

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 135

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 135

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 136

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 136

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 137

likelihood of guilt

Answer 137

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 138

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 138

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 139

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 139

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 140

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 140

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 141

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 141

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 142

distractions in the real world

Answer 142

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 143

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 143

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 144

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 144

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 145

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 145

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 146

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 146

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 147

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 147

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 148

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 148

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 149

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 149

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 150

therefore...

Answer 150

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 151

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 151

task complexity resource depletion

Question 152

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 152

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 153

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 153

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 154

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 154

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 155

likelihood of guilt

Answer 155

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 156

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 156

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 157

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 157

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 158

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 158

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 159

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 159

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 160

distractions in the real world

Answer 160

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 161

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 161

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 162

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 162

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 163

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 163

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 164

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 164

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 165

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 165

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 166

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 166

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 167

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 167

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 168

therefore...

Answer 168

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 169

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 169

task complexity resource depletion

Question 170

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 170

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 171

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 171

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 172

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 172

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 173

likelihood of guilt

Answer 173

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 174

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 174

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 175

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 175

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 176

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 176

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 177

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 177

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 178

distractions in the real world

Answer 178

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 179

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 179

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 180

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 180

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 181

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 181

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 182

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 182

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 183

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 183

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 184

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 184

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 185

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 185

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 186

therefore...

Answer 186

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 187

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 187

task complexity resource depletion

Question 188

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 188

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 189

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 189

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 190

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 190

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 191

likelihood of guilt

Answer 191

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 192

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 192

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 193

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 193

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 194

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 194

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 195

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 195

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 196

distractions in the real world

Answer 196

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 197

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 197

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 198

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 198

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 199

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 199

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 200

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 200

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 201

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 201

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 202

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 202

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 203

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 203

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 204

therefore...

Answer 204

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 205

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 205

task complexity resource depletion

Question 206

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 206

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 207

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 207

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 208

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 208

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 209

likelihood of guilt

Answer 209

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 210

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 210

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 211

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 211

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 212

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 212

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 213

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 213

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 214

distractions in the real world

Answer 214

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 215

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 215

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 216

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 216

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 217

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 217

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 218

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 218

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 219

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 219

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 220

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 220

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 221

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 221

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 222

therefore...

Answer 222

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 223

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 223

task complexity resource depletion

Question 224

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 224

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 225

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 225

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 226

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 226

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 227

likelihood of guilt

Answer 227

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 228

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 228

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 229

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 229

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 230

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 230

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 231

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 231

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 232

distractions in the real world

Answer 232

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 233

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 233

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 234

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 234

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 235

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 235

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 236

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 236

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 237

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 237

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 238

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 238

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 239

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 239

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 240

therefore...

Answer 240

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 241

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 241

task complexity resource depletion

Question 242

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 242

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 243

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 243

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 244

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 244

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 245

likelihood of guilt

Answer 245

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 246

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 246

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 247

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 247

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 248

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 248

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 249

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 249

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 250

distractions in the real world

Answer 250

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 251

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 251

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 252

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 252

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 253

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 253

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 254

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 254

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 255

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 255

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 256

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 256

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 257

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 257

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 258

therefore...

Answer 258

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 259

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 259

task complexity resource depletion

Question 260

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 260

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 261

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 261

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 262

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 262

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 263

likelihood of guilt

Answer 263

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 264

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 264

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 265

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 265

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 266

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 266

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 267

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 267

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 268

distractions in the real world

Answer 268

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 269

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 269

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 270

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 270

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 271

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 271

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 272

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 272

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 273

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 273

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 274

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 274

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 275

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 275

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 276

therefore...

Answer 276

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 277

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 277

task complexity resource depletion

Question 278

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 278

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 279

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 279

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 280

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 280

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 281

likelihood of guilt

Answer 281

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 282

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 282

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 283

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 283

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 284

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 284

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 285

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 285

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 286

distractions in the real world

Answer 286

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 287

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 287

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 288

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 288

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 289

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 289

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 290

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 290

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 291

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 291

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 292

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 292

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 293

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 293

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 294

therefore...

Answer 294

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 295

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 295

task complexity resource depletion

Question 296

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 296

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 297

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 297

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 298

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 298

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 299

likelihood of guilt

Answer 299

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 300

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 300

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 301

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 301

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 302

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 302

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 303

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 303

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 304

distractions in the real world

Answer 304

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 305

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 305

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 306

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 306

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 307

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 307

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 308

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 308

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 309

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 309

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 310

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 310

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 311

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 311

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 312

therefore...

Answer 312

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 313

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 313

task complexity resource depletion

Question 314

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 314

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 315

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 315

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 316

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 316

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 317

likelihood of guilt

Answer 317

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 318

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 318

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 319

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 319

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 320

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 320

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 321

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 321

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 322

distractions in the real world

Answer 322

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 323

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 323

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 324

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 324

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 325

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 325

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 326

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 326

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 327

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 327

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 328

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 328

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 329

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 329

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 330

therefore...

Answer 330

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 331

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 331

task complexity resource depletion

Question 332

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 332

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 333

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 333

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 334

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 334

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 335

likelihood of guilt

Answer 335

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 336

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 336

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 337

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 337

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 338

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 338

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 339

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 339

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 340

distractions in the real world

Answer 340

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 341

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 341

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 342

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 342

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 343

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 343

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 344

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 344

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 345

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 345

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 346

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 346

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 347

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 347

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 348

therefore...

Answer 348

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 349

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 349

task complexity resource depletion

Question 350

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 350

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 351

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 351

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 352

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 352

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 353

likelihood of guilt

Answer 353

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 354

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 354

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 355

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 355

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 356

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 356

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 357

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 357

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 358

distractions in the real world

Answer 358

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 359

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 359

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 360

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 360

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 361

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 361

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 362

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 362

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 363

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 363

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 364

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 364

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 365

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 365

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 366

therefore...

Answer 366

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 367

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 367

task complexity resource depletion

Question 368

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 368

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 369

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 369

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 370

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 370

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 371

likelihood of guilt

Answer 371

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 372

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 372

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 373

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 373

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 374

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 374

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 375

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 375

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 376

distractions in the real world

Answer 376

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 377

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 377

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 378

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 378

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 379

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 379

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 380

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 380

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 381

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 381

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 382

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 382

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 383

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 383

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 384

therefore...

Answer 384

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 385

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 385

task complexity resource depletion

Question 386

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 386

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 387

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 387

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 388

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 388

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 389

likelihood of guilt

Answer 389

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 390

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 390

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 391

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 391

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 392

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 392

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 393

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 393

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 394

distractions in the real world

Answer 394

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 395

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 395

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 396

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 396

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 397

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 397

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 398

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 398

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 399

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 399

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 400

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 400

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 401

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 401

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 402

therefore...

Answer 402

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 403

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 403

task complexity resource depletion

Question 404

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 404

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 405

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 405

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 406

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 406

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 407

likelihood of guilt

Answer 407

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 408

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 408

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 409

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 409

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 410

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 410

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 411

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 411

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 412

distractions in the real world

Answer 412

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 413

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 413

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 414

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 414

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 415

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 415

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 416

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 416

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 417

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 417

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 418

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 418

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 419

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 419

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 420

therefore...

Answer 420

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 421

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 421

task complexity resource depletion

Question 422

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 422

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 423

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 423

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 424

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 424

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 425

likelihood of guilt

Answer 425

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 426

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 426

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 427

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 427

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 428

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 428

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 429

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 429

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 430

distractions in the real world

Answer 430

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 431

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 431

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 432

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 432

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 433

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 433

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 434

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 434

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 435

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 435

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 436

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 436

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 437

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 437

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 438

therefore...

Answer 438

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 439

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 439

task complexity resource depletion

Question 440

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 440

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 441

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 441

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 442

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 442

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 443

likelihood of guilt

Answer 443

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 444

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 444

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 445

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 445

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 446

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 446

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 447

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 447

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 448

distractions in the real world

Answer 448

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 449

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 449

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 450

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 450

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 451

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 451

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 452

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 452

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 453

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 453

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 454

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 454

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 455

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 455

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 456

therefore...

Answer 456

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 457

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 457

task complexity resource depletion

Question 458

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 458

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 459

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 459

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 460

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 460

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 461

likelihood of guilt

Answer 461

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 462

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 462

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 463

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 463

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 464

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 464

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 465

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 465

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 466

distractions in the real world

Answer 466

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 467

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 467

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 468

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 468

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 469

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 469

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 470

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 470

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 471

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 471

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 472

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 472

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 473

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 473

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 474

therefore...

Answer 474

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 475

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 475

task complexity resource depletion

Question 476

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 476

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 477

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 477

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 478

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 478

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 479

likelihood of guilt

Answer 479

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 480

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 480

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 481

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 481

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 482

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 482

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 483

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 483

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 484

distractions in the real world

Answer 484

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 485

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 485

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 486

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 486

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 487

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 487

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 488

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 488

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 489

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 489

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 490

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 490

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 491

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 491

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 492

therefore...

Answer 492

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 493

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 493

task complexity resource depletion

Question 494

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 494

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 495

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 495

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 496

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 496

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 497

likelihood of guilt

Answer 497

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 498

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 498

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 499

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 499

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 500

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 500

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 501

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 501

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 502

distractions in the real world

Answer 502

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 503

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 503

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 504

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 504

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 505

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 505

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 506

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 506

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 507

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 507

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 508

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 508

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 509

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 509

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 510

therefore...

Answer 510

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 511

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 511

task complexity resource depletion

Question 512

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 512

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 513

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 513

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 514

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 514

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 515

likelihood of guilt

Answer 515

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 516

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 516

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 517

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 517

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 518

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 518

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 519

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 519

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 520

distractions in the real world

Answer 520

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 521

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 521

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 522

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 522

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 523

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 523

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 524

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 524

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 525

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 525

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 526

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 526

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 527

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 527

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 528

therefore...

Answer 528

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 529

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 529

task complexity resource depletion

Question 530

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 530

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 531

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 531

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 532

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 532

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 533

likelihood of guilt

Answer 533

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 534

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 534

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 535

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 535

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 536

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 536

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 537

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 537

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 538

distractions in the real world

Answer 538

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 539

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 539

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 540

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 540

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 541

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 541

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 542

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 542

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 543

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 543

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 544

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 544

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 545

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 545

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 546

therefore...

Answer 546

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 547

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 547

task complexity resource depletion

Question 548

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 548

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 549

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 549

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 550

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 550

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 551

likelihood of guilt

Answer 551

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 552

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 552

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 553

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 553

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 554

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 554

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 555

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 555

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 556

distractions in the real world

Answer 556

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 557

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 557

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 558

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 558

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 559

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 559

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more

Question 560

what is in these expectancies?

Answer 560

Beliefs about probability that certain traits, features, characteristics, opinions and behaviours will be seen in people belonging to certain groups, such as… Used car salesman - shifty, sly, dressed like a spiv, will be over-familiar with women Extending expectancies from group to individual members of that group Accuracy is variable - Kernel of Truth – stereotypes start out as being somewhat true – what people believed in history – over-generalise/exaggerate stereotypes

Question 561

stereotyping as a functional cognitive process

Answer 561

“Stereotypes are tools that jump out of the toolbox when there is a job to be done” (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991) – serve as enriching function and way of economising mental effort into overall expectancy – help make judgements about how someone will act Category-based processing = default option Idea that certain categories (e.g., stereotypes) have a functional role to play Need to assess the view that stereotypes are cognitive tools… When and why do we rely upon them most?

Question 562

stereotypes as heuristics

Answer 562

Within the cognitive literature, a heuristic = A well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgment that is effective in many but not all cases (e.g., Simon, 1979) Holyoak and Nisbett (1988) – rule-driven processing (e.g., heuristic strategising) constrains number of inferential choices available – when judging someone – get rid of extraneous information that might distract you – funnels down attention so it confirms initial expectancy

Question 563

applying heuristics to stereotypes

Answer 563

Heuristics bias the social inference process to make it more manageable… And thereby optimise the social perceiver’s mental functioning They are learned from experience (often)

Question 564

therefore...

Answer 564

According to heuristic hypothesis… - “People use stereotypes as a heuristic (i.e., a simplifying rule of thumb) in interpreting the behaviour of others and search for alternative interpretations only if a stereotype-based interpretation is inapplicable.” (Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985) Won’t look for anything else unless it isn’t working for us

Question 565

2 factors that increase reliance on stereotypes

Answer 565

task complexity resource depletion

Question 566

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein (1987)

Answer 566

Q. Is it easier to assess a person’s guilt or whether they have acted aggressively? A. Easier to assess…tell me Pps read about criminal and asked to assess either guilt or aggression – influenced kinds of judgements made – harder task more likely to rely on stereotypes to simplify the task Target was Hispanic or ethnically non-descript After reviewing evidence, pps made both judgements

Question 567

Bodenhausen and Lichtenstein predictions

Answer 567

Pps faced with complex task (guilt) would use stereotype to simplify the task, meaning… Higher guilt/aggressive/likelihood of future criminal assault judgements if target was Hispanic than non-descript

Question 568

likelihood of future aggressiveness

Answer 568

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 4.77 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 4.19 vs. Nondescript = 3.28 (p. < .10) Hypothesis supported?

Question 569

likelihood of guilt

Answer 569

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.70 vs. Nondescript = 4.97 (no difference) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 5.27 vs. Nondescript = 3.38 (p. < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 570

likelihood of future criminal assault

Answer 570

Trait judgement objective (easy): Hispanic = 4.22 vs. Nondescript = 3.67 (no diff.) Guilt judgement objective (hard): Hispanic = 3.96 vs. Nondescript = 2.92 (p < .05) Hypothesis supported?

Question 571

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen (1994)

Answer 571

Dual task paradigm Study 1: pps formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring prose passage (Indonesia) Half got name (Julian), stereotype label (doctor) plus traits, half got name plus traits (no stereotype label) Rationale – when there’s a stereotype label present you can organise the information around it more easily (and if this is so, have attention left over to do something else…)

Question 572

stimuli used (name, label, traits)

Answer 572

In half trials stereotype label was present, in half it was absent

Question 573

Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen predictions

Answer 573

Participants in the stereotype label present condition would find it easier to form impression of target AND easier to attend to the prose monitoring task Results: improved prose monitoring performance when stereotype labels present than absent

Question 574

distractions in the real world

Answer 574

If stereotypes save resources, we should be more inclined to use them when we are cognitively depleted… But what kinds of things make us cognitively depleted (lab vs. real world)

Question 575

Pendry (1998) - overhearing juicy gossip

Answer 575

Participants formed impression of old lady Hilda (PC) Overheard illicit goings on in either Tesco or the Guild (juicy gossip) Ps overhearing the more relevant goings on were more distracted, and… Formed more stereotypic impressions of Hilda, remembered less about her but…remembered a lot more about the illicit goings on (m-c test)! When the mind is otherwise engaged – here, in the services of self-interest – stereotyping may be more likely

Question 576

Pendry and Macrae (1994) p involvement with the target can affect stereotyping

Answer 576

Form impression of old lady Half told they would later meet and work with her – realistic to expect this could be a possibility Half told they would meet but not work with her Outcome dependency – meet and work – judged as how well do as a team – makes you outcome dependent – person will matter to you more Lower expected involvement increased stereotyping/Greater expected involvement reduced stereotyping Motivation cues us to pay attention to target in ways other factors cannot do

Question 577

Bodenhausen (1990) - do you stereotype more at your non-optimal time of day?

Answer 577

Participants completed Morningness/Eveningness Q-aire (split) Non-optimal – exec function poor and more likely to rely on heuristics Given stereotype task either at optimal or non optimal time of day Those tested at non-optimal time of day stereotyped more